Prior to the Third Republic, Nigeriens only had access to tightly controlled state media. km and 80 percent of Niger is covered by the Sahara. It is a landlocked nation located in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres of the Earth. [56], Other smaller kingdoms of the period include the Dosso Kingdom, a Zarma polity founded in 1750 which resisted the rule of Hausa and Sokoto states; and the Dendi Kingdom on the Niger river, which had been founded by refugees fleeing the collapse of the Songhai Empire in 1591. A presidential election was held on 31 January 2011, but as no clear winner emerged, run-off elections were held on 12 March 2011. The central part of Niger is dominated by an extensive pastoral zone — mostly steppes or short grass savannas with shrubs and sparsely scattered trees. For three days, the festival features a parade of Tuareg camel riders followed with camel and horse races, songs, dances, and storytelling. The events generated severe political and social unrest throughout the country.[38]. These Regions are subdivided into 36 departments. Modern Muslim practice in Niger is often tied to the Tijaniya Sufi brotherhoods, although there are small minority groups tied to Hammallism and Nyassist Sufi orders in the west, and the Sanusiya in the far northeast. The other two main religions of Niger are Christianity, practiced by 0.3% of the population, and Animism (traditional indigenous religious beliefs), practiced by 0.2% of the population. [82] Issoufou's time in office has been marked by numerous threats to the country's security, stemming from the fallout from the Libyan Civil War and Northern Mali conflict, a rise in attacks by AQIM, the use of Niger as a transit country for migrants (often organised by criminal gangs), and the spillover of Nigeria's Boko Haram insurgency into south-eastern Niger. The seven original Hausa states (often referred to as the 'Hausa bakwai') were: Daura (state of queen Daurama), Kano, Rano, Zaria, Gobir, Katsina and Biram. The shaded region indicates the furthest expanse of the Songhai Empire at its peak in the sixteenth century. [42] However a rump Mali kingdom continued to exist until late 1600s. [38] In unclear circumstance (possibly attempting to flee the country), Maïnassara was assassinated at Niamey Airport on 9 April 1999. [51][48][52] Bornu prospered during the rule of Mai Idris Alooma (r. circa 1575–1610) and re-conquered much of the traditional lands of Kanem, hence the designation 'Kanem-Bornu' for the empire. The majority of Muslims in Niger are Sunni, 7% are Shi'a, 5% are Ahmadiyya and 20% non-denominational. Les journalistes refusent la mise sous tutelle, Niger: Emergency legislation infringes non-derogable human rights, Unesco manuscript on child work and schooling in Niger, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD), African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niger&oldid=1015966921, French-speaking countries and territories, Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, States and territories established in 1960, Articles with French-language sources (fr), CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from August 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 4 April 2021, at 17:01. Law enforcement in Niger is the responsibility of the Ministry of Defense through the National Gendarmerie and the Ministry of the Interior through the National Police and the National Guard. Niger lies between latitudes 11° and 24°N, and longitudes 0° and 16°E. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea. [38], Despite the restriction in freedom, the country enjoyed improved economic development as Kountché sought to create a 'development society', funded largely by the uranium mines in Agadez Region. [38] However the economic boom ended following the collapse in uranium prices, and IMF-led austerity and privatisation measures provoked opposition by many Nigeriens. [61] The French Union, which lasted from 1946 to 1958, conferred a limited form of French citizenship on the inhabitants of the colonies, with some decentralisation of power and limited participation in political life for local advisory assemblies. [38], Presidential campaigns were organised in the months that followed. Our knowledge of early Nigerien history is limited by the lack of written sources, though it is known that by at least the 5th century BC the territory of modern Niger had become an area of trans-Saharan trade. [127] There were 3 physicians and 22 nurses per 100,000 persons in 2006.[128]. The conference was presided over by Prof. André Salifou and developed a plan for a transitional government; this was then installed in November 1991 to manage the affairs of state until the institutions of the Third Republic were put into place in April 1993. Various territorial adjustments took place in this period: the areas west of the Niger river were only attached to Niger in 1926–27, and during the dissolution of Upper Volta (modern Burkina Faso) in 1932–47 much of the east of that territory was added to Niger;[58][38] and in the east the Tibesti Mountains were transferred to Chad in 1931. Niger is one of the largest inland countries in West Africa and is historically a gateway between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. The W National Park, situated in the bordering area to Burkina Faso and Benin, belongs to one of the most important areas for wildlife in Western Africa, which is called the WAP (W–Arli–Pendjari) Complex. 41–60. South of the empires of the Niger River were coastal kingdoms, including the Ashanti and the Dahomey , which flourished during the colonial era. There are still areas where animist based festivals and traditions (such as the Bori religion) are practiced by syncretic Muslim communities (in some Hausa areas as well as among some Toubou and Wodaabe pastoralists), as opposed to several small communities who maintain their pre-Islamic religion. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. During this ceremony, young men dressed in elaborate ornamentation and made up in traditional face painting gather in lines to dance and sing, vying for the attention of marriageable young women. By the late 17th century and into the 18th the Bornu kingdom had entered a long period of decline, gradually shrinking back to its Lake Chad heartland, though it remained an important player in the region. According to the organization Save the Children, Niger has the world's highest infant mortality rate. It is spoken mainly as a second language by people who have received a formal western education and serves as the administrative language. [53][45] Bawo was the only son of the Hausa queen Daurama and Bayajidda or (Abu Yazid according to certain Nigerien historians) who came from Baghdad. French, inherited from the colonial period, is the official language. Niger, Africa, West Africa. This was adopted on 9 August 1999 and was followed by presidential and legislative elections in October and November of the same year. Its drainage basin is 2,117,700 km2 in area. Niger maintains a special relationship with former colonial power France and has close relations with its West African neighbors. [38] In April 1995 a peace deal with the main Tuareg rebel group was signed, with the government agreeing to absorb some former rebels into the military and, with French assistance, help others return to a productive civilian life. Niger shares a common currency, the CFA franc, and a common central bank, the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), with seven other members of the West African Monetary Union. Niger remained a one-party state throughout this period, with Diori surviving a planned coup in 1963 and an assassination attempt in 1965; much of this activity was masterminded by Djibo Bakary's MSA-Sawaba group, which had launched an abortive rebellion in 1964. Outside big cities and in rural areas, this responsibility falls on the National Gendarmerie and the National Guard. [80] The Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy, led by General Salou Djibo, carried out a one-year transition plan, drafted a new constitution and held elections in 2011 that were judged internationally as free and fair. The country's predominantly Muslim population of about 22 million[14][15] live mostly in clusters in the far south and west of the country. [38] General Saibou became the first president of the Second Republic after winning the presidential election on 10 December 1989. [120] Interfaith relations are deemed very good, and the forms of Islam traditionally practiced in most of the country are marked by tolerance of other faiths and lack of restrictions on personal freedom. Dams constructed on the Niger River in the neighboring countries of Mali and Guinea and also within Niger itself are also cited as a reason for a reduction of water flow in the Niger River—which has a direct effect upon the environment. Niger's climate is mainly very hot and very dry, with much desert area. Following the Overseas Reform Act (Loi Cadre) of 23 July 1956 and the establishment of the Fifth French Republic on 4 December 1958, Niger became an autonomous state within the French Community. Niger lies between latitudes 11° and 24°N, and longitudes 0° and 16°E. [38] It was also aided by the Arab invasion of North Africa at the end of the 7th century, which resulted in population movements to the south. [54] A smaller state not fitting into this scheme was Konni, centred on Birni-N'Konni. Humans have inhabited the territory of modern Niger for millennia; stone tools, some dating as far back as 280,000 BC, have been found in Adrar Bous, Bilma and Djado in the northern Agadez Region. [50] Islam had been introduced to the kingdom by Arab traders from the 11th century, gradually gaining more converts over the following centuries. [67], President Saibou's efforts to control political reforms failed in the face of trade union and student demands to institute a multi-party democratic system. The justice system also includes civil criminal courts, customary courts, traditional mediation, and a military court. A drought and locust infestation in 2005 led to food shortages for as many as 2.5 million Nigeriens. On 9 February 1990, a violently repressed student march in Niamey led to the death of three students, which led to increased national and international pressure for further democratic reform. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea. Mamoudou Djibo. In the Sahelian zone of the country, the climate becomes semiarid and the vegetation cover increases. Niger pursues a moderate foreign policy and maintains friendly relations with the West and the Islamic world as well as non-aligned countries. Niger is a secular country and separation of state and religion is guaranteed by Articles 3 and 175 of the 2010 Constitution, which dictate that future amendments or revisions may not modify the secular nature of the republic of Niger. After the National Sovereign Conference, the transitional government drafted a new constitution that eliminated the previous single-party system of the 1989 Constitution and guaranteed more freedoms. These include Libya, Chad, and Nigeria to the northeast, east, and south, respectively. [124], The child mortality rate in Niger (deaths among children between the ages of 1 and 4) is high (248 per 1,000) due to generally poor health conditions and inadequate nutrition for most of the country's children. [19] The sultanate managed to resist the advance of the Sokoto Caliphate (see below), but was later captured by the French in 1899. [69], The governmental paralysis prompted the military to intervene; on 27 January 1996, Col. Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara led a coup that deposed President Ousmane and ended the Third Republic. We live in a world permeated by an evil that has invaded and corrupted every aspect of life, leaving humankind separated from the Creator and trapped in sin. Niger, officially Republic of Niger, French République du Niger, landlocked western African country. Niger. Niger or the Niger[10][11] (/niːˈʒɛər/ or /ˈnaɪdʒər/;[12][13] French: [niʒɛʁ]), officially the Republic of the Niger,[10][11] is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. The attack took place just two days before newly-elected president, Mohamed Bazoum, was due to be sworn into office. [39][42] The empire began declining in the 15th century due to a combination of internecine strife over the royal succession, weak kings, the shift of European trade routes to the coast, and rebellions in the empire's periphery by Mossi, Wolof, Tuareg and Songhai peoples. Report on Human Rights Practices – Niger. Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999), Walter S. Clarke, "The National Conference Phenomenon and the Management of Political Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa," in, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (. The importance of external support for Niger's development is demonstrated by the fact that about 45% of the government's FY 2002 budget, including 80% of its capital budget, derives from donor resources. [62] On 11 July 1960, Niger decided to leave the French Community and acquired full independence on 3 August 1960; Diori thus became the first president of the country. West African franc (CFA) French, Hausa, Djerma, Fulfulde, Tamashek The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office advise against all travel to much of Niger, and against all but essential travel to the remainder of the country. Analysis - The recent discovery of 71 bodies in six mass graves in Niger is not an isolated incident. [95], The 2014 budget was 1.867 trillion CFA which is distributed as follows according to: public debt (76,703,692,000 CFA), personnel expenditures (210,979,633,960 CFA), operating expenditures (128,988,777,711 CFA); subsidies and transfers: 308,379,641,366 CFA) and Investment (1,142,513,658,712 CFA).[96]. [38] The first action of the military government was to address the food crisis. The military took over the country and President Tandja was put in prison, charged with corruption. [19] As the climate changed in the period 4000–2800 BC the Sahara gradually began drying out, forcing a change in settlement patterns to the south and east. [38] Meanwhile, trouble re-emerged in Agadez Region when a group of armed Tuaregs attacked the town of Tchintabaraden (generally seen as the start of the first Tuareg Rebellion), prompting a severe military crackdown which led to many deaths (the precise numbers are disputed, with estimates ranging from 70 to up to 1,000). Nigeria and Benin border it to the south, Mali and Burkina Faso to the west, Libya and Algeria to the north, and Chad to the east. 8 Mar 2021 Thereafter Mali defeated the Sosso at the Battle of Kirina in 1235 and then Ghana in 1240. Previously, Niger was divided into 7 Departments, 36 Arrondissements, and Communes. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2 (490,000 sq mi), making it the largest country in West Africa. Lt. Paul Joalland, Klobb's former officer, and Lt. The independent-sector radio networks are collectively estimated by CPRP officials to cover some 7.6 million people, or about 73% of the population (2005). [38], In the 19th century Europeans began to take a greater interest in Africa; several European explorers travelled in the area of modern Niger, such as Mungo Park (in 1805–06), the Oudney-Denham-Clapperton expedition (1822–25), Heinrich Barth (1850–55; with James Richardson and Adolf Overweg), Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs (1865–67), Gustav Nachtigal (1869–74) and Parfait-Louis Monteil (1890–92). Niger, officially the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. The armed forces are composed of approximately 12,900 personnel, including 3,700 gendarmes, 3200 national guards, 300 air force personnel, and 6,000 army personnel. By 2007, the relationship between President Tandja Mamadou and his prime minister had deteriorated, leading to the replacement of the latter in June 2007 by Seyni Oumarou following a successful vote of no confidence at the Assembly. [84], On 27 December 2020, Nigeriens went to the polls after Issoufou announced he would step down, paving the way to Niger's first ever peaceful transition of power. [19][38], To the east, the Kanem-Bornu Empire dominated the region around Lake Chad for much of this period. As a first step, administrative powers will be distributed among 265 communes (local councils); in later stages, regions and departments will be established as decentralized entities. Other wildlife includes elephants, buffaloes, roan antelopes, kob antelopes and warthogs. The ethnic makeup of Niger in 2001 is as follows: Hausa (55.4%), Zarma & Songhay (21%), Tuareg (9.3%), Fula (French: Peuls; Fula: Fulɓe) (8.5%), Kanuri Manga (4.7%), Tubu (0.4%), Arab (0.4%), Gourmantche (0.4%), other (0.1%). Trans-Saharan Trade and the West African Discovery of the Mediterranean World. [102][103], This growth rate is one of the highest in the world and is a source of concern for the government and international agencies. It restored the semi-presidential system of government of the 1999 constitution (Fifth Republic) in which the president of the republic, elected by universal suffrage for a five-year term, and a prime minister named by the president share executive power. [75][76] In August 2002, serious unrest within military camps occurred in Niamey, Diffa, and Nguigmi, but the government was able to restore order within several days. The article will attempt to give you a quick rundown on this West African nation, here goes a list of 50 important facts about Niger that cover its history, culture, economy, people, military, wildlife and the river Niger. The Saharan terrain is often baked by the scorching sun, however for 18-year-old Rimana Issoufou Hassane Mayak, the climate that West Africa: Feeding the future through education in Niger. [44] The Hausa Kingdoms began as seven states founded, according to the Bayajidda legend, by the six sons of Bawo. The Niger River is a very important water body located in West Africa. [105][106][107], Niger has a wide variety of ethnic groups as in most West African countries. [19][38][60] Though largely successful in subduing the sedentary populations of the south, the French faced considerably more difficulty with the Tuareg in the north (centered on the Sultanate of Aïr in Agadez), and France was unable to occupy Agadez until 1906. As of 2006[update] there were 265 communes, including communes urbaines (Urban Communes: as subdivisions of major cities), communes rurales (Rural Communes), in sparsely populated areas and postes administratifs (Administrative Posts) for largely uninhabited desert areas or military zones. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. [38] In 1899–1900 France coordinated three expeditions—the Gentil Mission from French Congo, the Foureau-Lamy Mission from Algeria and the Voulet–Chanoine Mission from Timbuktu—with the aim of linking France's African possessions. The military court cannot try civilians.[99]. Boubou Hama and M Guilhem, "L’histoire du Niger, de l’Afrique et du Monde"; Edicef, H. J. Fisher. The terrain is predominantly desert plains and sand dunes, with flat to rolling savanna in the south and hills in the north. Most of the people derive their income from agriculture and stock raising and are highly vulnerable to periodic droughts and desertification. [38], The violence in Agadez Region continued during this period, prompting the Nigerien government to sign a truce with Tuareg rebels in 1992 which was however ineffective owing to internal dissension within the Tuareg ranks. in The Cambridge History of Africa: From C 1600 to C 179. It is a charter member of the African Union and the West African Monetary Union and also belongs to the Niger Basin Authority and Lake Chad Basin Commission, the Economic Community of West African States, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Official language: French. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}16°N 8°E / 16°N 8°E / 16; 8. In peace time their duties are mostly policing duties. [68] Following this, presidential elections were held and Mahamane Ousmane became the first president of the Third Republic on 27 March 1993. [53][19][54] They gradually adopted Islam from the 14th century, though often this existed alongside traditional religions, developing into unique syncretic forms; some Hausa groups, such as the Azna, resisted Islam altogether (the area of Dogondoutchi remains an animist stronghold to this day). The typical mammal fauna consists of addax antelopes, scimitar-horned oryx, gazelles, and in the mountains, Barbary sheep. A notable culture of this late period is the Bura culture (circa 200–1300 AD), named for the Bura archaeological site. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects", World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "Latest Human Development Index (HDI) Ranking (2018)", "Azelik Takedda et le cuivre médiéval dans la région d'Agadez", Ancient cemetery found in 'green' Sahara Desert, "Stone Age Graveyard Reveals Lifestyles Of A 'Green Sahara, "Graves Found From Sahara's Green Period", "Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene Population and Environmental Change". The significance of the Niger River cannot be overemphasized. Following the adoption of a new constitution in 2010 and presidential elections a year later, Mahamadou Issoufou was elected as the first president of the Seventh Republic; he was then re-elected in 2016. Population: 17.83 million (2013) World Bank. Islam is the most dominant religion, practiced by 99.3% of the population according to the 2012 census.[112]. [104] The population is predominantly young, with 49.2% under 15 years old and 2.7% over 65 years, and predominantly rural with only 21% living in urban areas. Autrepart no 27 (2003), pp. Nigerien society reflects a diversity drawn from the long independent histories of its several ethnic groups and regions and their relatively short period living in a single state. The Republic of Niger has a reputation for being the largest nation in West Africa, however, 80% of this land mass is covered by the Sahara desert. They consist of the Niger Army (Armée de Terre), the Niger Air Force (Armée de l'Air) and the auxiliary paramilitary forces, such as the National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale) and the National Guard (Garde Nationale). Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin and Burkina Faso to the southwest, Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. After winning the election in November 1999, President Tandja Mamadou was sworn in office on 22 December 1999 as the first president of the Fifth Republic. [38] A Second Republic was declared and a new constitution was drawn up, which was adopted following a referendum in 1989. Niger River The Niger River is the principal river of West Africa, extending about 4,180 km.Its drainage basin is 2,117,700 km2 in area. The literacy rate of Niger is among the lowest in the world; in 2005 it was estimated to be only 28.7% (42.9% male and 15.1% female). As detailed in the Epic of Sundiata, Mali emerged as a breakaway region of the Sosso Empire, which itself had split from the earlier Ghana Empire. The adoption of the new constitution created a Sixth Republic, with a presidential system, as well as the suspension of the 1999 Constitution and a three-year interim government with Tandja Mamadou as president. [48] Attacks by the Bulala people in the late 14th century forced Kanem to shift westwards of Lake Chad, where it became known as the Bornu Empire, ruled from its capital Ngazargamu on the modern Niger-Nigeria border. Twin Pyramids and Sphinx discovered in Zinder, Niger; by. From 29 July to 3 November, a national conference gathered together all elements of society to make recommendations for the future direction of the country. These include the Hausa-speaking Maouri (or Azna, the Hausa word for "pagan") community in Dogondoutci in the south-southwest and the Kanuri speaking Manga near Zinder, both of whom practice variations of the pre-Islamic Hausa Maguzawa religion. The river is the main source of freshwater and an important part of the economy through transportation and irrigation. Niger’s Dosso Partial Faunal Reserve is a mixed-use reserve along the border of the famous Regional Parc W. It protects a host of wildlife, including the last West African giraffe population. Despite being one of West Africa’s largest countries, Niger is among the least populated; moving around is easier here compared with doing so in other highly populated or congested countries in Africa. As a reflection of Niger's increasing population, the unicameral National Assembly was expanded in 2004 to 113 deputies elected for a five-year term under a majority system of representation. Niger is a landlocked nation in West Africa located along the border between the Sahara and Sub-Saharan regions. The border dispute with Benin, inherited from colonial times and concerning inter alia Lété Island in the Niger River, was solved by the International Court of Justice in 2005 to Niger's advantage. [38] In 1985 a small Tuareg revolt in Tchintabaraden was suppressed. Niger, officially the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. [19][45] The Hausa kingdoms were not a compact entity but several federations of kingdoms more or less independent of one other.
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