Coroners and Justice Act 2009. In some cases the first date is 01/02/1991 (or for Northern Ireland legislation 01/01/2006). (1) This Act commences on a day or days to be appointed by proclamation, except as provided by subsections (2) and (3). Found inside – Page 455(4) and 55(6) of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009. Section 55(4) stipulates that the loss of self-control had a qualifying trigger if 'D's loss of self-control was attributable to a thing or things done or said (or both) which – (a) ... Subsection 54(1) states: Where a person ("D") kills or is a party to the killing of another ("V"), D is not to be Found inside – Page 270United Kingdom Civil Evidence Act 1995 ( C.E.A. 1995 ) S. I 144 Contempt of Court Act 1981 s . 8 137 S. II 209 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 s . 74 211 s . 86 211 Crime ( International Co - operation ) Act 2003 s . Diminished responsibility requirements: 1. Found inside – Page 153The defendant's actions or inactions fit one or both of two 'qualifying triggers' (section 55(3)–(5) of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009). These are: (a) that the defendant's loss of self-control was attributable to 'fear of serious ... D had lost his job due to his epilepsy, V taunted him. the original print PDF of the as enacted version that was used for the print copy, lists of changes made by and/or affecting this legislation item, confers power and blanket amendment details, links to related legislation and further information resources. 2013/1869, art. (2)Where necessary in order to avoid a breach of any Convention rights (within the meaning of the Human Rights Act 1998 (c. 42)), the purpose mentioned in subsection (1)(b) is to be read as including the purpose of ascertaining in what circumstances the deceased came by his or her death. The old defence of provocation contained in s 3 of the Homicide Act 1957 has been abolished and replaced with the new partial defence to murder - loss of self control by s 55 and 55 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009. 15 s 36(1). What is the time frame for loss of self-control? Found insideComputer Misuse Act 1990 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 s 52 s 52 s 54 s 54(1) s 54(1)(c) s 54(2) s 54(5) s 55 s 55(3) s 55(4) s 55(6)(a) s 55(6)(c) s 56 Crime and Disorder Act 1998 s 30(1) Criminal Attempts Act 1981 s 1 s 1(1) s 1(2) 49 ... The Whole To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: UK law covers the laws and legislation of England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. 6 A qualifying trigger has two 4 Coroners and Justice Act 2009, s. 55(6)(c). Explanatory Notes were introduced in 1999 and accompany all Public Acts except Appropriation, Consolidated . 2(a). Term The defence of diminished responsibility was originally created by Section 2 of the Homicide Act 1957 due to the narrow definition of insanity and has now been given a broad interpretation. Coroners Act 2003 Current as at 25 May 2020—revised version Reprint note An amendment to section 86 was incorrectly incorporated into an earlier version of this reprint—see 2020 Act No. The Whole Among its provisions are: preventing criminals from profiting from publications about their crimes; abolishing the anachronistic offences of sedition and seditious, defamatory and obscene libel Under the 2009 Act, Susan’s depressive condition is not relevant to the jury’s consideration of whether a reasonable person would have been able to retain her self-control as it is specifically excluded by the legislation (s 54(3)). The ancient common law defence of provocation, reducing murder to manslaughter, was abolished and consigned to legal history books. See how this legislation has or could change over time. Found inside – Page xxviiPage references in bold indicate extract material Abortion Act 1967 s 1(1)(d) . . . 506 Accessories and Abettors Act ... 508 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 . . . 206, 212, 216 s 52 . . . 203 s 52(1A) . . . 204 s 54 . . . 211–212 s 55 . This date is our basedate. As will be discussed further in part 2, the objective element of the former defence had become increasingly subjective in nature. Regional coroners 2 Commencement. Coroners must conduct investigations in a fair and efficient manner, [19] must comply with the rules of natural justice, [20] and must act judicially. 26. 10.2 - Natural justice. without The two partial defences available are Diminished Responsibility and Loss of Control. Opinion filed December 15, 2009. (b)how, when and where the deceased came by his or her death; (c)the particulars (if any) required by the 1953 Act to be registered concerning the death. Found inside – Page 81... to which these principles also applied,130 has been replaced by a significantly different and more restrictive statutory defence of loss of control.131 Under s 55(1) of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, before the defence can apply ... Found inside#1: See section 21.10.12 above. +See McDiarmid (2010), especially at pp 212–213. ... + Coroners and Justice Act 2009, ss 54–56. + Drury v HM Advocate 2001 SLT 1013, ... Ibid, s 55(4). #! Ibid, s 55(5). + R v Clinton [2013] QB 1 at 10, para. There are a number of factors which lead up to this. Found inside – Page 106... and Justice Act 2009 s 55 ( 3 ) . In s 55 references to ' D ' and ' V ' are to be construed in accordance with s 54 : s 5517 ) . 6 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 s 55 ( 4 ) . Coroners and Justice Act 2009 s 55 ( 5 ) . 8 Coroners ... Found insideThe Coroners and Justice Act 2009 elevated this concept into a fully-fledged partial defence based on two qualifying triggers: a 'justifiable sense of being seriously wronged' under Sections 55(4)(b) and 'a fear of serious violence' ... In essence, the scope of the provocation defence was extremely wide under the 1957 legislation, to the extent that the actions of others (such as a screaming baby) could be held to be provocative (see Doughty (1986) 83 Cr. The first date in the timeline will usually be the earliest date when the provision came into force. The law did not provide a standard for assessing acceptability, nor was the judge empowered to rule on the matter (Norrie, 2010: 280). Reflects on the implications of the sexual infidelity exclusion under the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 s.55(6), which appears to exempt sexual infidelity from the factors that may be considered . What are loss of control and diminished responsibility? the evidence had to show that the defendant actually lost his self-control. 2. As discussed above, it is also questionable whether the words and conduct of Susan’s husband constitutes a qualifying trigger and therefore, it is unlikely that Susan will be able to rely on the defence of loss of control under the 2009 Act. 2. Given the wider interpretation to the loss of self-control element under the former defence, particularly in the context of women who have suffered a ‘slow-burn’ or accumulative ‘provocation’ (often in the form of domestic abuse), it would not be difficult to argue that the circumstances which led to Susan’s loss of control, resulted in a sudden loss of control as the crucial factor in this case was the final ‘irresistible urge’. This allows the defence to be raised in cases where the defendant waits for an opportunity to kill. Found inside – Page xvii754 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 s 52... 551,577, 583 s 54. .. 553,573 s54(1)(c)... 571,572–4 s 54(2)... 555 s 54(3)... 379,571,572–4 s54(4) ...554 SS 54–56. . .431,551,564,573 S 55 . . . 554 s 55(3)... 561,568,569 s 55(3)–(5). Where an individual kills out of In essence, it is necessary that Susan obtains medical evidence to support her recognised medical condition (depression) and how it impacted on her ability to understand the nature of her conduct, to form a rational judgment, or to exercise her self-control. [21] The rules of natural justice are flexible and vary based on the circumstances of the case. c allows for all the 'circumstances' of the defendant to be taken into account when considering whether a hypothetical individual may have reacted in the same way 36. In that case, Lord Nicholls criticised the way that the objective test had become so subjective in nature, observing that the development of the law ‘… involves a significant relaxation of the uniform, objective standard adopted by Parliament’. Going Full Circle: Gender and the 'Loss of Control' Defence under the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 51 justifiable emotional reaction to unjust conduct; yet, there is a clear difference between the justifiability of anger as an emotional reaction and as a reason for killing (Horder, 1992). Found inside – Page 68Section 55(2) of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 explains a loss of self control has a qualifying trigger if subsection (3), (4) or (5) applies. This section helps to assist in understanding what amounts to a provocative act. The common law defence of provocation was subject to a great deal of criticism before it was abolished and replaced by a defence of loss of control under the Coroners and Justice Act (CJA) 2009. Found inside – Page xxixStatutes Administration of Justice Act 1960, s 11...210 Animal Health Act 1981, s 61 ... 233 Animal Welfare Act ... 491 S 2 ... 491 British Transport Commission Act 1949 S 55 ... 102 S 56 ... 102 Broadcasting Act 1990 S 6... 374 S 162 . Found inside – Page xivAccessories and Abettors Act 1861 . . . 171 s. 8 . . . 165 Children and Young Persons Act 1933 . . . 30, 118 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 . . . vii, 34, 47, 48, 49, 50, 55, 56, 57, 117,118,119–20, 121, 127, 129, 145 s. 52 . Thus, it was at this last moment that there was arguably a loss of self-control. 200 provisions and might take some time to download. Act .According to section 55(6) (b) a sense of being seriously wronged is not justifiable if D in order to have an excuse to use . At the moment, under section 41 of the Criminal Justice Act 1925, it is unlawful for a coroner's court—or any court—to broadcast. murder, and is only a partial defense: . As touched upon above, under the former defence, it is necessary to show that the conduct of Susan’s husband caused a ‘sudden and temporary loss of self-control, rendering [Susan] so subject to passion, as to make … her for the moment not master of [her] mind’ (R v Duffy [1949] 1 All ER 932). 2 Coroners and Justice Act 2009, s 55(3). App R. 31 it was confirmed that ‘sudden’ does not necessarily mean an ‘immediate’ loss of self-control and that in some contexts a delay may still result in a ‘sudden’ loss of control, an example of which could be Susan’s case. You should not treat any information in this essay as being authoritative. 21 Section 59(4) of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 adds section 2A into the Suicide Act 1961. The first ‘qualifying trigger’ stipulated under the 2009 Act is where the defendant’s loss of self-control was attributable to a fear of serious violence from the victim (either against the defendant or another identifiable person; s 55(3)). Thus, if Susan had been subjected to domestic abuse, she would have had a greater chance of succeeding under the previous law. VAT Registration No: 842417633. a) D's acts and omissions in doing or being a party to the killing resulted from D's loss of self-control. First, Susan’s depression has caused her to have a number of negative thoughts about her relationship with her husband, but it was when she attended her husband’s place of work and overheard him speaking negative thoughts about her with one of his colleagues, that she felt that her life had become ‘pointless’. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. It does not matter whether or not the loss of control was sudden. Introduction The reform on homicide in Corners and Justice Act 2009 is criticised as 'a dog's breakfast', 'all over the place' and 'beyond redemption'. You Spanish - English Translator. It should also be noted that the legislation excludes a number of factors for the purpose of establishing a ‘qualifying trigger’ under the 2009 Act (see specifically s 55(6)). Revised legislation carried on this site may not be fully up to date. Significant matters referred to in section 23 (1) 25. See also section 6 of the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1966. Herring observes that the diminished responsibility plea is successful in 90% of cases in which it is raised (Herring, 2010: 316). What did the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 do? In Schedule 1 to the Suicide Act 1961— Criminal Justice Act (Northern . Diminished Responsibility - This is defined in section 52 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009. 5 in force at 25.7.2013 by S.I. The 2009 Act does however, have a significant impact on the advice that was given with respect to the defence of loss of self-control. Significantly, it should be noted that unlike the former defence, there is no need that the loss of control is ‘sudden’ (see R v Duffy [1949] 1 All ER 932). Neither the senior coroner conducting an investigation under this Part into a person's death nor the jury (if there is one) may express any opinion on any matter other than—. Found inside – Page 724The Act also strangely provided for mitigation to manslaughter in the unusual case of a suicide pact in which the killer survived or changed his mind.129 The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 replaced the defense of provocation with the ... The common law defence of provocation was abolished and section 7 of that Act repealed by section 56 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009. Definition. Found inside – Page xii153, 217 Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 ... 153, 160, 217 Children and Young Persons Act 1933 ... 11 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (CJA 2009) ... 4, 30–41, 47–8, 146, 147, 188, 220 ss 52–55 ... 32, 46 s 52 . The dates will coincide with the earliest date on which the change (e.g an insertion, a repeal or a substitution) that was applied came into force. The jury must consider what a reasonable person of Susan’s age and sex may have done in the circumstance and these are the only factors of relevance for the objective element. Despite this, it is doubtful as to whether these factors would be considered as ‘grave’, especially to the extent that they constitute a serious wrong against Susan, although it is up to the jury to establish these latter issues. This section of the Act was repealed on 4 October 2010. (1)The purpose of an investigation under this Part into a person's death is to ascertain—. [50] Loss of control is a partial defence to a charge of murder. The law is clarified to make clear that a conviction for infanticide may only be allowed . It is not necessary that these factors immediately preceded the loss of self-control, as this is not specified within the legislation. The Infanticide Act (Northern Ireland) 1939 provides a partial defence which reduces murder to infanticide. The reforms to the partial defence of provocation finally came out in the guise of section 54, 55 and 56 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 13, which came into force on 04 October 2010. The Act is divided into nine parts which each deal with different areas of law. For the purpose of the defence, Susan has most certainly lost self-control. Term • Loss of control is a defense only to: Definition. Where necessary in order to avoid a breach of any Convention rights (within the meaning of the Human Rights Act 1998 (c. 42)), the purpose mentioned in subsection (1)(b) is to be read as including the purpose of ascertaining in what circumstances the deceased came by his or her death. Text created by the government department responsible for the subject matter of the Act to explain what the Act sets out to achieve and to make the Act accessible to readers who are not legally qualified. Defendants can use this principle as a partial defence to reduce the liability for murder to manslaughter. There are currently no known outstanding effects for the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, Section 55. If she is able to establish that this was due to her depression, she will satisfy the first requirement of the defence. Which Act first introduced these defences? Found inside – Page xv53 Bail Act 1976 ... 169 , 171 , 177 , 182 , 199 s4 ... 169 Sch 1 , Pt 1 ... 182 169 , 170 para 2A ... 170 para 9 ... 171 , 173 , 174 , 175 para 2 . Coroners and Justice Act 2009 s 54 and 55 ... 62-5 s 54 ( 1 ) ( c ) ... 64 s 54 ( 2 ) . 200 provisions and might take some time to download. Found insideSee also Ministry of Justice Circular, 'Partial Defences to Murder: Loss of Control and Diminished Responsibility; and infanticide: Implementation of Sections 52, and 54 to 57 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009' (MoJ/C, 2010/13). b) A sense of being seriously wronged by a thing done or said is not justifiable if D incited the thing to be done or said for the purpose of providing an excuse to use violence. Coroners must therefore determine the content of those rules in each case. Explanatory Notes were introduced in 1999 and accompany all Public Acts except Appropriation, Consolidated Fund, Finance and Consolidation Acts. but section 55(6) (a) of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 directs the court to disregard D's fear of serious violence if it was caused by D's incitement which was intended to use as an excuse for his violent act. The defendant was threatened by her husband but waited until he was asleep before she him on fire. Which case under S.54(1)(c) displays a person of D's sex and age with a normal degree of tolerance and self-restraint might have acted in the same/ a similar way? long time to run. Difamar - English translation, definition, meaning, synonyms, pronunciation, transcription, antonyms, examples. Found insideIn R (Bennett) v HM Coroner for Inner London [2006] EWHC Admin 196, Collins J thought that our criminal law was ... By statute, this forfeits the partial defence to murder based on fear: Coroners and Justice Act 2009 s 55 (6) a. AIM Family may request pathologist's report on post-mortem. Thus, it will prove extremely difficult to argue that Susan was responding to a fear of serious violence. Indicates the geographical area that this provision applies to. I also thank the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. Different options to open legislation in order to view more content on screen at once. Text created by the government department responsible for the subject matter of the Act to explain what the Act sets out to achieve and to make the Act accessible to readers who are not legally qualified. Found inside – Page 1952 Coroners and Justice Act 2009, s 55(6)(b). R v Clinton [2012] EWCA Crim 2. 3 Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975, s 1(1B)(as inserted by CPA 2004, s 71, Sch 4). See Harper et al. (2014: para 4.6). Section 52 changes the definition of the partial defence to murder of diminished responsibility. Killings committed prior to this date continue to be governed by the defence of provocation. Info: 3344 words (13 pages) Essay Dependent on the legislation item being viewed this may include: Impact Assessments generally accompany all UK Government interventions of a regulatory nature that affect the private sector, civil society organisations and public services. For this reason, Susan would not have been able to rely on the approach in Morgan Smith to argue that her depression had impacted on her ability to maintain self-control and that this should have been attributed to the reasonable person for the objective limb of the defence. On the facts presented, it is questionable as to whether a reasonable person with a ‘normal degree of tolerance and self-restraint’ would have acted in a similar way in such circumstances. This Order commences section 148 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, which contains a power for the Lord Chancellor to make an order allowing for the designation of tribunal security officers and to apply the provisions in Part 4 of the Courts Act 2003 (c.39) relating to court security to tribunals. *You can also browse our support articles here >. What must an extremely grave character cause the defendant to feel under s.55(4)? Which section of what act sets out the qualifying triggers? In absence of such defence, the judge would be enforced to pass a mandatory sentence upon Susan; that she be imprisoned for life. The Whole Act you have selected contains over 200 provisions and might take some time to download. Found inside111 s 1 ... 93 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (CJA 2009)... 328,347, 348, 350, 351,354, 356, 379,383,384 s 2 . ... 345 s 55 ... 344, 345, 384 s 55(1)... 345 s 55(2) ... 345 s 55(3)... 345, 348, 349,350, 351, 352, 353, 358 s 55(4) . Original (As Enacted or Made): The original version of the legislation as it stood when it was enacted or made. According to section 54 of the 2009 Act, a person is not to be convicted of murder if the act (or omission) which led to the killing resulted from the defendant losing self-control, in circumstances where the loss of self-control resulted from a ‘qualifying trigger’ and a person of the defendant’s sex and age, possessing a normal degree of tolerance and self-restraint, might have acted in a similar way to the defendant. The issue is the correct approach to the statutory test of whether his abilities were in specified respects "substantially impaired": see section 2(1)(b). Section 9 body paragraph (b): amended, on 24 January 2009, by section 47 of the Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Relationships Registration Amendment Act 2008 (2008 No 48). The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 ("the Act") changes the law on coroners and criminal justice in England and Wales. Following the Law Commissions 2006 report of 'Murder, manslaughter and infanticide' it was amended by Section 52 of the Coroners Justice Act 2009. Chapter 3: Literature Review 3.1 Law of Provocation 3.1.1 Introduction. This was however, turned around in the case of Jersey v Holley [2005] UKPC 23, in which the board of nine members of the Privy Council took the opportunity to resolve the conflict arising from previous case law which could not clarify the scope of the objective test. 4 Section 54 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (loss of control): a amended section 3 of the Homicide Act 1957 (provocation) b legislates that the loss of control must be sudden. Show Timeline of Changes: In support of this comment is the fact that the Ministry of Justice also regarded the change to the current defence as minimal, observing that they do not ‘expect any significant shifts in the numbers or types of cases which benefit from the partial defence of diminished responsibility’ (MOJ, 2008, cited in Mackay, 2010: 300-301). 3 See, for example, Palmer v R [1971] AC 814. The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (c. 25) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.It changed the law on coroners and criminal justice in England and Wales.. The Law Commission suggested that the loss of self-control element could be removed under the defence and that killing as a result of pre-meditated revenge should be a factor that is directly excluded under the legislation to prevent the defence being used unjustifiably (and is the case under ss. Act you have selected contains over As observed in part 1, this defence was formerly the defence of provocation under the 1957 Act. In England, it was abolished by section 56 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 and replaced with a partial defence of loss of control. A person of the same age, sex and with a reasonable degree of tolerance . 6, s. 2. Under the old law, she was not allowed the defence of provocation as there was a time gap between the threat and the murder. The Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c 4) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which makes significant changes in many areas of the criminal justice system in England and Wales and, to a lesser extent, in Scotland and Northern Ireland.In particular, it changes the law relating to custodial sentences and the early release of prisoners to reduce prison overcrowding, which . There are a number of further factors under section 54 which will be considered where appropriate below. At the current time any known changes or effects made by subsequent legislation have been applied to the text of the legislation you are viewing by the editorial team. You may also experience some issues with your browser, such as an alert box that a script is taking a long time to run. It was replaced by sections 54 and 55 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (the 2009 It does not operate to absolve the defendant of liability completely. - Amended the offence of diminished responsibility. The Whole Act without Schedules you have selected contains over 200 provisions and might take some time to download. Essays, case summaries, problem questions and dissertations here are relevant to law students from the United Kingdom and Great Britain, as well as students wishing to learn more about the UK legal system from overseas. In the Visiting Forces Act 1952— (a) in section 7(6). Changes we have not yet applied to the text, can be found in the ‘Changes to Legislation’ area. This defence, which is expressed in sections 54 and 55 of the Coroners and Justice Act, seeks to solve a number of problems with the defence of provocation which it replaces.9 Those problems were that the defence of provocation was "a confusing (U.K.), 5 & 6 Eliz. Found inside106n10 Clandestine Marriage Act (Lord Hardwicke's Act) 1753 . . . 105 Contagious Disease Acts 1864-9 . . . 26, 47, 61–63, 235 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 s. 52 . . . 137 s. 54 (4) . . . 133 s. 54–55 . . . 130 s. 55 (6) (c) . It may however, be argued that the depression was in fact the subject of the words which caused her to lose her self-control, as her husband had stated that he couldn’t stay with this ‘gloomy’ woman another day and if this is the case, it is relevant to the qualifying trigger requirement (and not the objective limb of the defence). Section 55 (3) of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 defines the first qualifying trigger as being 'loss of self control attributable to the defendant's fear of serious violence from the victim against the defendant or another identified person. Abnormality of Mental Function. Act Some commentators have observed (in the context of Holley) that returning to a purely subjective test ‘… is a retrograde step for those with mental conditions who kill under provocation, where the loss of self-control has been affected by the condition’ (See Whitey, 2006; 258). Please see ‘Frequently Asked Questions’ for details regarding the timescales for which new effects are identified and recorded on this site. It was replaced by sections 54 and 55 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (the 2009 Schedules you have selected contains over Coroners and Justice Act 2009. Should allow the 'slow burn' or 'cumulative provocation' defence to be used- Ahluwalia. Found insideAccessories and Abettors Act 1861 s. 8 181 Air Force Act 1955 s. 51 236 AntiSocial Behaviour Act 2003 22 Coroners and Justice Act 2009 s. 54 117, 223 s. 55 118 Criminal Attempts Act 1981 s. 1 161 s. 5 162 Criminal Justice and ... App R. 319). Disclaimer: This essay has been written by a law student and not by our expert law writers. Found inside – Page 65LOSS OF SELF-CONTROL— 5 54(1) OF THE CORONERS AND JUSTICE ACT 2009 Section 54(7) provides that, ifthe defence of loss ... —s 54(1)(a) and/orthe loss of self-control was not a result of a 'qualifyingtrigger' as defined in s 55 and/or a ... Recongised Medical Condition. 920 N.E.2d 1147 In re MARRIAGE OF MEETA BHATI, Petitioner-Appellant, and AJAY SINGH, Respondent-Appellee. Changes to Legislation. 54(4) and (6)). This Act is the Coroners Act 2009. Found inside – Page 309The classic examples of provocations in the nineteenth century included a man finding another man in the act of committing adultery with his wife and the ... Third, section 55(6) ofthe Coroners and justice Act 2009 makes it clear that ... The legislation was brought in following the murder of Jane Longhurst by a man who was said at the time of his trial to have had "extreme pornography" in his possession at the time of . Voluntary Manslaughter - Diminished Responsibility. The old defence has been repealed under section 56 of the Act while sections 54 and 55 describe the new defence of loss of control 14. This is particularly due to the fact that the provocative conduct was not regarded as grave or as serious enough to justify a serious wrong to Susan.
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