[110] The importance and prevalence of Spanish has persisted to the present day, even after Spanish withdrawal from Western Sahara in 1976, due to various education exchanges and host programs for Sahrawi children to Spain and Cuba.[112]. It became a protectorate of Spain in the 19th century and was later claimed by Morocco, Mauritania, and local inhabitants. The region may be divided into several broad physiographic regions. [124] Traditionally, Sahrawi poetry was performed and passed on orally: younger poets would undergo 'apprenticeships to more experienced ones, today the internet is a key way in which Sahrawi poetry is transmitted between and within generations. The interior experiences extreme summer heat, with average highs reaching 43–45 °C (109–113 °F) in July and in August; during winter, days are still hot to very hot, with average highs from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F); however, in the northern part of the territory, the thermometer may drop below 0 °C (32 °F) at night and it can be freezing in December and in January, although this is rare. Population Pyramids: India - 2050. Intended for a general audience, books in the series present a description and analysis of the historical setting and the social, economic, political, and national security systems and institutions of select countries throughout the world. Indeed, shortly after the Houston Agreement (1997), Morocco officially declared that it was "no longer necessary" to include an option of independence on the ballot, offering instead autonomy. One such exchange program to Spain is Vacaciones en Paz (Vacations in Peace), which is an annual holiday program that was created in 1988 and is organized by the Union of Sahrawi Youth (UJSARIO) in collaboration with 300 other associations throughout Spain. The territory remained disputed between Morocco and local forces well into the … Annual demonstrations against the Moroccan Wall are staged in the region by Sahrawis and international activists from Spain, Italy, and other mainly European countries. The United Nations considers the Polisario Front to be the legitimate representative of the Sahrawi people, and maintains that the Sahrawis have a right to self-determination.[8][9]. Dozens of Sahrawi people are mutilated or killed by landmines every year, and most of the population is confined in … Morocco Vaccinates 10% Of Population With Two Shots Against COVID-19. [citation needed]. [113] These types of exchange programs that successfully create cross-border and cross-cultural relationships reinforce the usage of the Spanish language throughout subsequent generations of Sahrawi children. [citation needed], While initial Spanish interest in the Sahara was focused on using it as a port for the slave trade, by the 1700s Spain had transitioned economic activity on the Saharan coast towards commercial fishing. Depending on the century, Roman-era sources describe the area as inhabited by Gaetulian Autololes or the Gaetulian Daradae tribes. Traditionally, women have played pivotal roles in Sahrawi culture, as well as in efforts to resist colonialism and foreign interference in their territory. History of Ibn Khaldun Volume 6, pp80-90 by, Tomás Bárbulo, "La historia prohibida del Sáhara Español,", Jacob Mundy – Assistant Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at Colgate Universit. The Western Sahara conflict has resulted in severe human-rights abuses, constantly reported by external reporters and HR activists,[52] most notably the displacement of tens of thousands of Sahrawi civilians from the country, the expulsion of tens of thousands of Moroccan civilians by the Algerian government from Algeria,[53] and numerous casualties of war and repression. [123] Notable poets include: Al Khadra Mabrook, Hadjatu Aliat Swelm, Beyibouh El Haj. In 2005, MINURSO lodged a complaint to the Security Council of the United Nations for "military maneuvers with real fire which extends to restricted areas" by Morocco. As of January 2007, the plan had not been made public, though the Moroccan government claimed that it was more or less complete.[34]. The Algerian government has consistently refused, claiming it has neither the will nor the right to negotiate on the behalf of the Polisario Front. Mine-laying was not restricted to the vicinity of the berms though, as occupied settlements throughout the Polisario-controlled areas, such as Bir Lahlou and Tifariti, are ringed by mines laid by Moroccan forces. Much Spanish literature and recent refugee studies scholarship has been dedicated to the exploration of the major role women play in Sahrawi society, and the degree of freedom they experience within the occupied territory and the refugee camps. Physically indistinguishable from the Hassaniya speaking Moors of Mauritania, the Sahrawi people differ from their neighbours partly because of different tribal affiliations (as tribal confederations cut across present modern boundaries) and partly as a consequence of their exposure to Spanish colonial domination. This event led to the introduction of graffiti art to the camps, and popular graffiti artists have come to the workshop to work with refugees. [107], Similarly, the exploitation of phosphate mines in Bou Craa has led to charges of international law violations and divestment from several European states.[108]. The area is patrolled by Polisario forces,[87] and access is restricted, even among Sahrawis, due to the harsh climate of the Sahara, the military conflict and the abundance of land mines. Many people from parts of Morocco have come to live in the territory, and these latest arrivals are today thought to outnumber the indigenous Western Sahara Sahrawis. [98] The territory is otherwise thought to be economically unviable and unable to support its population without the Moroccan subsidies. Major Sahrawi political events, such as Polisario congresses and sessions of the Sahrawi National Council (the SADR parliament in exile) are held in the Free Zone (especially in Tifariti and Bir Lehlou), since it is politically and symbolically important to conduct political affairs on Sahrawi territory. [115] Similar to other nomadic traditions on the African continent, Sahrawi women traditionally exercised significant power and roles both in the camp and in their tents. [113] The program itself allows 7,000 to 10,000 Sahrawi children between the ages of 8 and 12 the opportunity to live in Spain for the summer outside of the refugee camps. As time went by, Spanish colonial rule began to unravel with the general wave of decolonization after World War II; former North African and sub-Saharan African possessions and protectorates gained independence from European powers. [125] However Sahrawi poets find it difficult to be published, especially by Arabic publishers, due to the political nature of much of their output. Morocco has won support for its position from several African governments and from most of the Muslim world and Arab League. Mines were laid in zigzags up to one meter apart, and in some parts of the berms, there are three rows of mines. The Sahrawis are traditionally nomadic Bedouins with a lifestyle very similar to that of the Tuareg Berbers from whom Sahrawis most likely have descended, and they can be found in all surrounding countries. The UN has put forth no replacement strategy after the breakdown of Baker II, and renewed fighting has been raised as a possibility. [44] United Nations MINURSO forces are also present in the area. Surrounding territories were generally under French colonial rule. Many of them have mixed Berber-Arab heritage, effectively continuations of the tribal groupings of Hassaniya-speaking and Zenaga-Berber speaking Moorish tribes extending south into Mauritania and north into Morocco as well as east into Algeria. It acknowledged that Western Sahara had historical links with Morocco and Mauritania, but not sufficient to prove the sovereignty of either State over the territory at the time of the Spanish colonization. As of July 2004, an estimated 267,405 people (excluding about 160,000 Moroccan military personnel) lived in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara. [98] Most food for the urban population comes from Morocco. According to a NATO delegation, MINURSO election observers stated in 1999, as the deadlock continued, that "if the number of voters does not rise significantly the odds were slightly on the SADR side". Yearly Change: For 2019: absolute change in total population (increase or decrease in number of people) over the last year (from July 1, 2018 to June 30 2019). Morocco and organizations such as France Libertés consider Algeria to be directly responsible for any crimes committed on its territory, and accuse the country of having been directly involved in such violations.[56]. Mauritania withdrew its claims in 1979, and Morocco eventually secured de facto control of most of the territory, including all the major cities and natural resources. [111], Throughout the nine decades of Spanish colonial presence, one of the primary spoken languages in Western Sahara came to be Spanish. This area has a sparse population, estimated to be approximately 30,000 in 2008. These negotiations would define the exact limits of a Western Sahara autonomy under Moroccan rule but only after Morocco's "inalienable right" to the territory was recognized as a precondition to the talks. Western Sahara, territory occupying an extensive desert Atlantic-coastal area of northwest Africa. Western Sahara ranks number 170 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population. Sayad's graffiti depicts aspects of Sahrawi culture and includes actual Sahrawi people as his subjects. [99] The cable concluded that the territory is unlikely ever to be of any economic benefit for Morocco, even if offshore oil fields were to be discovered and exploited. Protesters in Laayoune threw stones at police and set fire to tires and vehicles. Instead, he proposes, through an appointed advisory body Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS), a self-governing Western Sahara as an autonomous community within Morocco. [118] During Spanish colonial rule, Sahrawi women actively provided financial and physical support to the resistance movements during the 1930s, 1950s, and the late 1960s. Instead, the African Union participates with the United Nations mission, in order to maintain a ceasefire and reach a peace agreement between its two members. Morocco extended its control to the rest of the territory. [citation needed]. The UN and the Western Sahara Dispute", Fanack.com independent website that provides non-partisan facts and analysis of the MENA region, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara&oldid=1013887350, Arabic-speaking countries and territories, Spanish-speaking countries and territories, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles with dead external links from August 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2011, Articles lacking reliable references from July 2007, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2013, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018, Articles with failed verification from February 2007, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013, Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2017, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Irene Fernández-Molina and Matthew Porges. Since the move, the Saharawi population has faced intense military repression — yet the Biden administration refuses to say whether it will reverse Trump's colonial handover of the territory. ... Unicef or the International Red Cross leaves the Sahrawi population and, … Global Rank: Position held by Western Sahara in the list of all countries worldwide ranked by population (from the highest population to the lowest population) as of July 1 of the year indicated. Western Sahara's much-touted phosphate reserves are relatively unimportant, representing less than two percent of proven phosphate reserves in Morocco. Western Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الغربية aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbiyyah; Berber languages: Taneẓroft Tutrimt; Spanish: Sáhara Occidental) is a disputed territory on the northwest coast and in the Maghreb region of North and West Africa. [95][failed verification], UN sponsored peace talks, the first in six years between Morocco and Polisario, were held in Geneva on 5 December 2018, with both sides agreeing to meet again in a few months for further talks.[96][97]. [48] As part of the Moroccan-Israeli normalisation deal, the United States established a temporary consulate post in Dakhla in January 2021 as a transition to establishing a permanent consulate within the near future.[49][50]. [120] Art as embodied in film has been a strong and popular medium that Sahrawi youth have used to express themselves, and share their stories of conflict and exile. [98] All of this is done to keep the balance of Western Sahara's finances. [118], FiSahara International Film Festival is an annual film festival that takes place in one of the southwestern refugee camps in Algeria. The native population—which numbers around 570,000—are known as Sahrawis and the majority religion is Islam. [98] Fuel is sold at half the price, and basic goods are heavily subsidized;[98] businesses operating in the territory do not pay taxes. For example, all drinking water for the city of Laayoune comes from desalinization facilities and costs 3 US dollars per cubic meter but is sold at the national price of 0.0275 US dollars; the difference is paid for by the government of Morocco. Together with the Spanish High Commissioner, Belbachir selected from this list. West Asia occasionally overlaps with the geographical area of the Middle East. For all other years: average annual numerical change over the preceding five year period. In the 11th century, the Maqil Arabs (fewer than 200 individuals) settled in Morocco (mainly in the Draa River valley, between the Moulouya River, Tafilalt and Taourirt). After that, the draft quickly garnered widespread international support, culminating in the UN Security Council's unanimous endorsement of the plan in the summer of 2003. Spain terminated its presence in Spanish Sahara within three months, repatriating Spanish remains from its cemeteries.[24]. It has received vocal support from France and occasionally (and currently) from the United States. Bluff et petites manœuvres, "La "Répudiation massive" de l'Algérie des colonels! Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. 33 [83], A number of former Polisario officials who have defected to Morocco accuse the organisation of abuse of human rights and sequestration of the population in Tindouf.[84][85]. This area has a very small population, estimated to be approximately 30,000 nomads. Contains the electronic versions of 80 books previously published in hard copy as part of the Country Studies Series by the Federal Research Division. UN Security Council, "Deadly Clashes as Morocco Breaks Up Western Sahara Camp", "New expulsions of Spanish citizens from Western Sahara", "Deadly Clashes Stall Western Sahara-Morocco Peace Talks", "Morocco Suffers Legal Setback As EU Official Declares Western Sahara 'Not Part of Morocco, "UN Document Says Morocco Violated Western Sahara Cease-Fire", "Morocco latest country to normalise ties with Israel in US-brokered deal", "Morocco recognized the United States in 1777. [citation needed], Like other Saharan Bedouin and Hassaniya groups, the Sahrawis are mostly Muslims of the Sunni branch and the Maliki fiqh. ", "CountryWatch – Interesting Facts of the World", "Western Sahara: Baker Resigns As UN Mediator After Seven Years", "Times News – Bold, Authoritative, and True", "afrol News – No plans for a referendum in Western Sahara", Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara (13 April 2007)(ped). The original clan-/tribe-based society underwent a massive social upheaval in 1975 when the war forced part of the population to settle in the refugee camps of Tindouf, Algeria, where they remain. A few days before, on 31 October, Moroccan troops invaded Western Sahara from the north. These numbers cover only Sahrawis 'indigenous' to Western Sahara during the Spanish colonial period, not the total number of "ethnic" Sahrawis (i.e., members of Sahrawi tribal groupings), who also extend into Mauritania, Morocco and Algeria. [37] The protest coincided with a fresh round of negotiations at the UN. While the area can experience flash flooding in the spring, there are no permanent streams. The referendum, originally scheduled for 1992, foresaw giving the local population the option between independence or affirming integration with Morocco, but it quickly stalled. On 18 December 2019, the Comoros became the first nation to open a consulate in Laayoune in support of Moroccan claims to Western Sahara. One of Donald Trump's last decisions in office was a squalid diplomatic deal with Morocco, granting US recognition of its occupation of Western Sahara in exchange for Moroccan recognition of Israel. The African Union provides peacekeeping contingent to the UN mission which is deployed to control a buffer zone near the de facto border of walls built by Morocco within Western Sahara. Landmine Action UK undertook preliminary survey work by visiting the Polisario-controlled area of Western Sahara in October 2005 and February–March 2006. Formally, Morocco is administered by a bicameral parliament under a constitutional monarchy. The earliest known inhabitants of Western Sahara were the Gaetuli. A former Spanish colony, it was annexed by Morocco in 1975. Nationalism and Intra-State Conflicts in the Postcolonial World. [81][clarification needed] Jacob Mundi[82] considers this report as a part of the Moroccan propaganda designed to discredit the Polisario Front. World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision. It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, mainly consisting of desert flatlands. 2019. In December 1999, the United Nations' MINURSO mission announced that it had identified 86,425 eligible voters for the referendum that was supposed to be held under the 1991 Settlement plan and the 1997 Houston accords. The Saharan lords who were already in prominent positions, such as the members of Maa El Ainain family, provided a recommended list of candidates for new governors. Among the most arid and inhospitable on the planet, the land along the coast is low flat desert and rises, especially in the north, to small mountains reaching up to 600 metres (2,000 ft) on the eastern side. "[39] In March 2016, Morocco "expelled more than 70 U.N. civilian staffers with MINURSO" due to strained relations after Ban Ki-moon called Morocco's annexation of Western Sahara an "occupation".[40]. This is a lived reality for children in occupied Western Sahara. [45] In January 2020, The Gambia[46] and Guinea[47] opened consulates in Dakhla; meanwhile, Gabon opened a consulate general in Laayoune. After arguing for a process of decolonization to be guided by the United Nations, the Algerian government under Houari Boumédiènne in 1975 committed to assisting the Polisario Front, which opposed both Moroccan and Mauritanian claims and demanded full independence of Western Sahara. Occupied by Spain until 1975, Western Sahara has been on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories since 1963 after a Moroccan demand. © Copyright Worldometers.info - All rights reserved -, countries (and dependencies) by population, World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision, The population density in Western Sahara is 2 per Km. The project was presented to the UN Security Council in mid-April 2007. Difference Between Western Asia and the Middle East . Occupied by Spain until 1975, Western Sahara has been on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories since 1963 after a Moroccan demand. [citation needed] Certain powers, such as the capacity to appoint the government and to dissolve parliament, remain in the hands of the monarch. [4] By 1974–75 the government issued promises of a referendum on independence in Western Sahara. Both Morocco and Polisario have sought to boost their claims by accumulating formal recognition, especially from African, Asian, and Latin American states in the developing world. [119] At this event, actors, directors, and film industry insiders from around the world join the Sahrawi people for a week-long festival of screenings, parallel activities, and concerts. They are Hassaniya-speaking or Berber-speaking tribes of Berber origin (97% of Y-DNA). [110] Spanish colonization lasted roughly from 1884 to 1976, following the creation of the Madrid Accords where Spain absolved all responsibility over the territory and left it to Morocco and Mauritania. Until their conflict is resolved, the African Union has not issued any formal statement about the border separating the sovereign territories of Morocco and the SADR in Western Sahara. Pro-independence Sahrawi sources, including the Polisario, have given these demonstrations the name "Independence Intifada", while most sources have tended to see the events as being of limited importance. The Western Sahara conflict is an ongoing conflict between the Polisario Front and the Kingdom of Morocco.The conflict originated from an insurgency by the Polisario Front against Spanish colonial forces from 1973 to 1975 and the subsequent Western Sahara War against Morocco between 1975 and 1991.
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