Yukon had been represented continuously since a byelection in January 1903. During the ice-free season, the Mackenzie is a major transportation link through the vast wilderness of northern Canada, linking the many isolated communities along its course. The Inuvialuit, Gwich'in and other indigenous peoples have lived along the river for thousands of years; however, the oldest evidence of continuous occupation stretches back only about 1300–1400 years, at the Gwich'in community of Tsiigehtchic.[45]. It receives the Arctic Red River from the southwest at Tsiigehtchic, where traffic on the Dempster Highway crosses via ferry/ice bridge. About 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Tsiigehtchic is Point Separation, the head of the vast Mackenzie River Delta, whose branching channels, ponds and wetlands spread across more than 12,000 square kilometres (4,600 sq mi) of the coastal plain. [8], The Peace and Athabasca meet at the Peace-Athabasca Delta, a vast inland delta at the western end of Lake Athabasca, which also takes runoff from the northern third of Saskatchewan. Bennett and Peace Canyon hydroelectric dams on the upper Peace River were completed in 1968 and 1980 by BC Hydro. In the Mackenzie River Basin the climate was harshly cold in the winter time reaching up to -40 degrees and in the summer reaching up to 30 degrees . Mackenzie River heat transport peaks in July, while the Yukon HF reaches the maximum in June and July. Without restricting the generality of the foregoing, the agreements may provide for … [65], Although there are no dams along the main stem of the Mackenzie, many of its tributaries and headwaters have been developed for hydroelectricity production, flood control and irrigation. In the middle of the larger lakes, such as Great Slave, ice can persist as late as mid-June. ", "Mackenzie River: Barging ahead – The North's Native-owned transportation service", "40 Years On: The Story of the W.A.C. The Mackenzie valley is believed to have been the path taken by prehistoric peoples during the initial human migration from Asia to North America over 10,000 years ago, despite sparse evidence. The river's main stem is 1,738 kilometres (1,080 mi) long, flowing north-northwest from Great Slave Lake into the Arctic Ocean, where it forms a large delta at its mouth. The first fur trappers were native, but starting in the 1920s increasing numbers of European trappers entered the region. [12], The Mackenzie River issues from the western end of Great Slave Lake about 150 km (93 mi) south-west of Yellowknife. [2] As a whole, the Mackenzie basin receives only meager to moderate rainfall, averaging 410 millimetres (16 in) over the entire basin, though mountain areas experience much higher precipitation, and areas near and north of the Arctic Circle receive much lower precipitation.[21]. The main headwaters are the Peace and Athabasca rivers, while the main stem (1,738 km long) issues from the west arm of Great Slave Lake, near Fort Providence (Zhahti Koe). In the following decades the North West Company established forts on the river, the precursors of present-day settlements such as Fort Simpson (formerly Fort of the Forks). The river provided the major route into Canada's northern interior for early European explorers. Regional Resources. The Mackenzie River was one of the main routes into the northern interior, with sternwheelers transporting passengers, domestic supplies and industrial goods from as far upstream as the Athabasca River all the way to the delta, though with several areas such as the huge rapids on the Slave River requiring portages. *The first full year of Yukon discharge measurements at Pilot Station was 1976. Yukon—Mackenzie River was a federal electoral district in Canada that was represented in the Canadian House of Commons from 1949 to 1953. [40] Fish in the Mackenzie River proper include the northern pike, several minnow species, and lake whitefish. The Peace contributes the majority of the water, about 66 km3 (54 million acre-feet) per year,[7] and the Athabasca contributes 25 km3 (20 million acre-feet). The Liard, Frances, Blackstone, Wind, Bonnet Plume, Snake and Ogilvie rivers all eventually flow into the Mackenzie River. They have a combined capacity of more than 3,600 megawatts (MW). Before we can learn the true story of the Klondike Gold Rush, we must first familiarize ourselves with the land in which it took place.The Klondike Gold Rush took place in what is now Yukon, one of Canada’s three northern territories. [17][22] The Mackenzie system is hydrologically connected to the Hudson Bay watershed via Wollaston Lake, which is not only the source of the Fond du Lac tributary of Lake Athabasca, but also of the Cochrane River, which flows east into the Churchill River. [15] The Liard River alone accounts for 32 percent of the total, and the Peel River about 20 percent. [72][73][74] The Site C Dam on the Peace River, which would generate enough power for about 460,000 households, has been controversial since the 1970s. Spring floods from the Peace-Athabasca system are significantly slowed by the delta area at the western end of Lake Athabasca causing the lake to rise, and the excess water can only flow out after the rivers have receded. Bennett, Williston Lake, is the largest body of fresh water in BC and the ninth largest man-made lake in the world, with a volume of 70.3 km3 (57,000,000 acre⋅ft). Barge traffic travels the entire length of the Mackenzie in long "trains" of up to fifteen shallow-draft vessels pulled by tugboats. We offer fully guided fair chase hunts for Dall Sheep, Mountain Caribou, Alaska-Yukon Moose, Wolf and Wolverine. During glaciation the weight of the ice sheet depressed northern Canada's terrain to such an extent that when the ice retreated, the Mackenzie system was captured to lower elevations in the northwest, establishing the present flow direction to the Arctic. [20] Permafrost underlies about three-quarters of the watershed, reaching up to 100 m (330 ft) deep in the Mackenzie Delta. A number of major tributaries join from the west, including the Root River, Redstone River and Keele River. The Mackenzie widens considerably to about 6 to 7 km (3.7 to 4.3 mi) at Norman Wells, a major center of oil production. The Liard drains a large area in the southern Yukon and northern BC and carries a large amount of sediment during the summer melt[15] – which does not fully mix with the clear water in the Mackenzie for almost 500 km (310 mi) downstream, with the resulting phenomenon of a clear current on the east bank and muddy water on the west bank. About 300 km further downstream, the Liard Riverreaches the south bank of the Mackenzie. Fort Providence lost 20 percent of its population, and some smaller villages and camps were completely wiped out. The other tributaries of the Mackenzie combined into the "Bell River" which flowed east into Hudson Bay. Through its many tributaries, the Mackenzie River basin covers portions of five Canadian provinces and territories – British Columbia (BC), Alberta, Saskatchewan, Yukon, and Northwest Territories. List of Canadian federal electoral districts, Northwest Territories (electoral district), Riding history for Yukon—Mackenzie River (1947–1952), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yukon—Mackenzie_River&oldid=947594854, Defunct Yukon federal electoral districts, Defunct Northwest Territories federal electoral districts, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 27 March 2020, at 08:08. In contrast the eastern half, despite being dominated by marshland and large lakes, provides only about 25 percent of the Mackenzie's discharge.[28]. Yukon Territory is located in northwest Canada. [37], Agriculture in the Mackenzie River basin is mainly concentrated in the Peace and Athabasca valleys to the south. mouth; max and min at Arctic Red confluence, This page was last edited on 31 March 2021, at 20:00. List of rivers of the Americas; Last edited on 25 April 2020, at 11:01. Metallic minerals have been found along the eastern and southern edges of the basin; these include uranium, gold, lead, and zinc. In addition, a warming climate in northern parts of the watershed is melting permafrost and destabilizing soil through erosion.[37][2][38]. Canada is one of nearly 200 countries illustrated on our Blue Ocean Laminated Map of the World. In A World of Rivers, Environmental Change on Ten of the World's Great Rivers, 300-27. [44], The Mackenzie valley is believed to have been the path taken by prehistoric peoples during the initial human migration from Asia to North America more than 10,000 years ago. The third tribe of Athapaskan speakers was the Tahltan, who lived north of the Carrier and controlled the lands of the drai… [12], By acting as a massive stabilizer on the water flow of the Peace River, Williston Lake reduces flood crests on the Peace, Slave and Mackenzie rivers as far downstream as Fort Good Hope. Transboundary Governance. Just some small clips i put together from big river (Mackenzie River N.W.T) Moose hunt. During the late 19th century and early 20th century epidemics of introduced European diseases swept through indigenous communities along the river, and thousands of native people lost their lives. The tremendous erosive powers of the Laurentide and its predecessors, at maximum extent, completely buried what is now the Mackenzie watershed under thousands of metres of ice and flattened the eastern portions of the watershed. There is a story, likely apocryphal, that he named it "Disappointment River", but eventually it was named after him. There is a proposal for a Mackenzie Valley Pipeline, which has not been built due to environmental concerns and falling oil and gas prices.[61]. First of five parts this week", "Site C Check In: Latest stats show more than 3,000 workers onsite", Information and a map of the Mackenzie's watershed, Canadian Council for Geographic Education page with a series of articles on the history of the Mackenzie River, Atlas of Canada's page devoted to Arctic rivers of Canada, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mackenzie_River&oldid=1015318970, Articles with dead external links from March 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles containing Slave (Athapascan)-language text, Articles containing Inuktitut-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Most distant source of the Mackenzie–Slave–Peace–Finlay–Thutade system. See also. Catholic missionary Henri Grollier founded missions at Fort Simpson, Fort Norman and Fort Good Hope between 1858–59. "The Mackenzie: River on the Brink." [27] About 60 percent of the water comes from the western half of the basin, which includes the Rocky, Selwyn, and Mackenzie mountain ranges out of which spring major tributaries such as the Peace and Liard Rivers, which contribute 23 and 27 percent of the total flow, respectively. Agriculture remains prevalent along the south, particularly in the Peace River area. Chum salmon spawn in rivers and streams along most of the west coast of North America, and along the Bering and Arctic coasts eastwards to, and including the Mackenzie River. Together, the Peace and Athabasca rivers drain a significant portion of the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains and the central Alberta prairie. [46] No European reached its mouth again until Sir John Franklin on 16 August 1825 during the 1825–1827 Mackenzie River expedition. In the 2008 experiment, researchers were able to extract gas by lowering the pressure, without heating, requiring significantly less energy. In the north, the river's shores are lined with sparse vegetation like dwarf birch and willows, as well as extensive areas of muskeg and peat bogs. [34], Fluvial deposits and other erosional evidence indicate that around the end of the Pleistocene, about 13,000 years ago, the Mackenzie channel was scoured by one or more massive glacial lake outburst floods unleashed from Lake Agassiz, formed by melting ice west of the present-day Great Lakes. Gwitchin (Old Crow), Han (Dawson City), Northern Tutchone (Mayo, Carmacks, Fort Selkirk, Pelly Crossing), Southern Tutchone(Whitehorse, Haines Junction, Burwash Landing, Champagne), Kaska (Ross River, Watson Lake, Liard), Tagish (Tagish), Tlingit (Carcross, Teslin), The Boreal Forest is dominated by black and white spruce in the areas which have not been burned by forest fires in the last few decades. During peak flow in the spring, the difference in discharge between the two halves of the watershed becomes even more marked. The purpose of this website is to help ensure that the public is informed and involved in issues concerning the Mackenzie River Basin. The projects were never built due to the massive cost and environmental impact.[51][52]. The governments of Canada, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Yukon and the Northwest Territories signed the Mackenzie River Basin Transboundary Waters Master Agreement in 1997. [12], In the 1950s the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers proposed the North American Water and Power Alliance (NAWAPA), a vast series of dams, tunnels and reservoirs designed to move 150 km3 (120,000,000 acre⋅ft) of water from northern Canada to southern Canada, the western United States and Mexico. [41], Migratory birds use the three major deltas in the Mackenzie River basin – the Mackenzie Delta and the inland Slave and Peace-Athabasca Deltas – as resting and breeding areas. ", "How One Quest for the Northwest Passage Ended at the Icy Mouth of Disappointment River", "The Rip Van Winkle of Water Projects – NAWAPA Reemerges after a 50 Year Slumber", "Researchers extract methane gas from under permafrost", Scientific Results from the Mallik 2002 Gas Hydrate Production Research Well Program, Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada, "Media Release: Significant BC food source might go under water", "BC's Peace River Valley and Climate Change: The Role of the Valley's Forests and Agricultural Land in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation", "Peace River Valley: Habitat for biodiversity, food security for British Columbia", "Mackenzie Delta and Arctic Islands NWT Oil and Gas Rights", "The $20 Billion Arctic Pipeline That Will Haunt Canada Forever", "What does North America look like to Canada's Northern Transportation Company? [12] The third major lake, Athabasca, is less than a third that size with an area of 7,800 km2 (3,000 sq mi). Below the Keele River, the Mackenzie River flows north along the western base of the Franklin Mountains before turning northwest, and receives the Great Bear River, the outflow of Great Bear Lake at Tulita. The cold northern permafrost regions beyond the Arctic Circle are very sparsely populated, mainly by indigenous peoples. Much of the western edge of the Mackenzie basin runs along the Continental Divide. Skee. Yukon—Mackenzie River was a federal electoral district in Canada that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1949 to 1953. Babine Lake Stuart Lake. The Mackenzie River (Slavey: Deh-Cho [tèh tʃʰò], literally big river; Inuvialuktun: Kuukpak [kuːkpɑk] literally great river; French: Fleuve (de) Mackenzie) is a river in the Canadian boreal forest. [16] The Peel River, carrying much of the runoff from the northern Yukon, joins in the delta at a point northeast of Fort McPherson. The French-Canadian traveled the river from Whitehorse, Yukon, to the mouth in Alaska by riverboard. Norman Wells was the main oil-producing area on the Mackenzie River until the 1970s, when new oil fields were discovered further north in the Mackenzie delta[60] and the surrounding coastline. A potential US$1 billion, 1350 MW hydro plant on the Slave River was canceled in 2010 after an agreement could not be reached with First Nations people in the area to be flooded by the reservoir. Much abandoned equipment remains along the corridor today; part of the pipeline route has been designated the Canol Heritage Trail. Spiritual Beliefs Moccasins The twelve tribes of the Today, Yukon is bordered by America’s Alaska to the west, British Columbia to the south, the Northwest Territories to the east, and the Arctic Ocean to the north. There are 53 fish species in the basin, none of them endemic. The river continues west-northwest until its confluence with the North Nahanni River, where it turns north towards the Arctic. The channel is initially several kilometres wide but narrows to about 800 m (2,600 ft) at Fort Providence, which was historically an important ferry crossing in the summer, and used as an ice bridge in the winter for traffic along the Yellowknife Highway. [15] Essentially all of the sediment is contributed by areas downstream of Fort Providence, since upstream sediment is trapped in Great Slave Lake. [24][25] The river is frozen for most of the year, with the ice typically breaking up by early to mid-May in the south, and late May-early June in the north. View Data. It flows through open taiga with its wide valley bounded, on the west, by the Mackenzie Mountains and to the east by low hills of the Canadian Shield. Figures below are for 2020 Little Rancheria River; Frances River; Hyland River; Coal River; La Biche River; ... Yukon River. RIVER Copper Susitna Yukon Taku Stikine Liard Nass Skeena Fraser Columbia (BC) Mackenzie. Liard Lake Williston. Wolh, Ellen. In 2012 the Deh Cho Bridge was completed at a point about 10 km (6.2 mi) upstream, providing a safer permanent crossing.
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