}); His identity was discovered after a Jewish woman named Sylvia Hermann briefly dated his eldest son Klaus who did not know she was Jewish. }); [5] The execution was attended by a small group of officials, four journalists and the Canadian clergyman William Lovell Hull, who had been Eichmann's spiritual counselor while in prison. [21], Like many other National Socialists fleeing Austria in the spring of 1933, Eichmann left for Passau, where he joined Andreas Bolek at his headquarters. var imgCredit; jQuery(document).ready(function() { [115], Lothar Hermann, a half-Jewish German who had emigrated to Argentina in 1938, was also instrumental in exposing Eichmann's identity. [161] Capital Cities Broadcasting Corporation of the United States obtained exclusive rights to videotape the proceedings for television broadcast. Klaus arrived not long after, however, and addressed Eichmann as "Father". [25], By 1934, Eichmann requested transfer to the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) of the SS, to escape the "monotony" of military training and service at Dachau. [120], Harel dispatched Shin Bet chief interrogator Zvi Aharoni to Buenos Aires on 1 March 1960,[121] and he was able to confirm Eichmann's identity after several weeks of investigation. Eichmann was accepted into the SD and assigned to the sub-office on Freemasons, organising seized ritual objects for a proposed museum and creating a card index of German Freemasons and Masonic organisations. At 8:00 p.m. on 31 May, Eichmann was informed that the appeal for presidential clemency had been denied. [176] In his testimony throughout the trial, Eichmann insisted he had no choice but to follow orders, as he was bound by an oath of loyalty to Hitler—the same superior orders defence used by some defendants in the 1945–1946 Nuremberg trials. [172] The defence demanded that the men should be brought to Israel so that the defence's right to cross-examination would not be abrogated. [106] He departed from Genoa by ship on 17 June 1950 and arrived in Buenos Aires on 14 July. [19] His membership in the SS was confirmed seven months later (SS member number 45,326). He has been investigated several times for neo-Nazi activity. yq('.magnifyPic'+value.id).css('display', 'block'); [97], Eichmann, resentful that Kurt Becher and others were becoming involved in Jewish emigration matters, and angered by Himmler's suspension of deportations to the death camps, requested reassignment in July. [127] The agents had arrived in April[128] and observed his routine for many days, noting that he arrived home from work by bus at about the same time every evening. [194] Eichmann's wife Vera flew to Israel and saw him for the last time at the end of April. [84], Germany invaded Hungary on 19 March 1944. [136] He was smuggled out of Argentina aboard the same El Al Bristol Britannia aircraft that had carried Israel's delegation a few days earlier to the official 150th anniversary celebration of the May Revolution. Carmen said she found out about Horst's Nazi father when she was six months pregnant with their daughter. { [158] As foreign lawyers had no right of audience before Israeli courts at the time of Eichmann's capture, Israeli law was modified to allow those facing capital charges to be represented by a non-Israeli lawyer. During the trial, he did not deny the Holocaust or his role in organising it, but claimed that he was simply following orders in a totalitarian Führerprinzip system. In 1959 Klaus married Martha — a woman of African descent. Eichmann and his staff became responsible for Jewish deportations to extermination camps, where the victims were gassed. He escaped from a work detail at Cham, Germany, when he realised that his identity had been discovered. [165][166], The prosecution case was presented over the course of 56 days, involving hundreds of documents and 112 witnesses (many of them Holocaust survivors). Otto Adolf Eichmann[a] (/ˈaɪxmən/ EYEKH-mən,[1] German: [ˈɔto ˈʔaːdɔlf ˈʔaɪçman]; 19 March 1906 – 1 June 1962) was a German-Austrian[2] SS-Obersturmbannführer and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust—the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" in Nazi terminology. yq('.magnifyPic'+value.id).css({background: "url(/images/articlepiclightbox/enlarge-over.png)"}); [198] Prominent people such as Hugo Bergmann, Pearl S. Buck, Martin Buber, and Ernst Simon spoke against applying the death penalty. It was also reported that in 1962, following a shoot-out with the police, cops raided the Nazi cell's headqaurters and uncovered Nazi propaganda, rifles and Molotov cocktails— with which they planned to attack a Jewish schoolbus. } [24] Eichmann's battalion of the Deutschland Regiment was quartered at barracks next door to Dachau concentration camp. [141] In the ensuing debate, Israeli representative (and later Prime Minister) Golda Meir claimed that the abductors were not Israeli agents but private individuals and so the incident was only an "isolated violation of Argentine law". [26] Mildenstein invited Eichmann to join his Jewish Department, Section II/112 of the SD, at its Berlin headquarters. - Klaus Eichmann stated in 2002 that he regeretted the Nazis had not completed their extermination of the Jews. "I was not a responsible leader, and as such do not feel myself guilty. [217], "Eichmann" redirects here. str = value.id; [148] The interrogator was Chief Inspector Avner Less of the national police. [112], Several survivors of the Holocaust dedicated themselves to finding Eichmann and other Nazis, among them Jewish Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal. Adolf Eichmann, German high official who was hanged by the State of Israel for his part in the Holocaust, the Nazi extermination of Jews during World War II. [11] He played the violin and participated in sports and clubs, including a Wandervogel woodcraft and scouting group that included some older boys who were members of various right-wing militias. The hanging, scheduled for midnight at the end of 31 May, was slightly delayed and thus took place a few minutes past midnight on 1 June 1962. { Report: Adolf Eichmann’s sons established Nazi terror cell in Argentina to attack Jews Eichmann had four sons; the three eldest, Klaus, Horst and Dieter, remained loyal to him even after his death. Videotape was flown daily to the United States for broadcast the following day. Eichmann was captured by the Mossad in Argentina on 11 May 1960 and subsequently found guilty of war crimes in a widely publicised trial in Jerusalem, where he was executed by hanging in 1962. [51] He was immediately assigned to organise the deportation of 70,000 to 80,000 Jews from Ostrava district in Moravia and Katowice district in the recently annexed portion of Poland. His birth certificate as well as official Nazi-era documents confirm that 'Otto Adolf' is correct. He ended up in a small village in Lower Saxony, where he lived until 1950, when he moved to Argentina using false papers he obtained with help from an organisation directed by Catholic bishop Alois Hudal. He provided these photographs to Mossad agents on 18 February. [137] There was a tense delay at the airport while the flight plan was approved, then the plane took off for Israel, stopping in Dakar, Senegal to refuel. if (imgTitleLength > lengthTitle) In May 2007, a student doing research on Eichmann's capture discovered the passport in court archives in Argentina. [139], In Argentina, news of the abduction was met with a violent wave of antisemitism carried out by far-right elements, including the Tacuara Nationalist Movement. [104], In 1948, Eichmann obtained a landing permit for Argentina and false identification under the name Ricardo Klement through an organisation directed by Bishop Alois Hudal, an Austrian cleric then residing in Italy with known Nazi sympathies. [140] Argentina requested an urgent meeting of the United Nations Security Council in June 1960, after unsuccessful negotiations with Israel, as they regarded the capture to be a violation of their sovereign rights. "[146], Eichmann was taken to a fortified police station at Yagur in Israel, where he spent nine months. Carmen, Horst's former girlfriend, told The Daily Mail the story of the Eichmann family. [185], The trial adjourned on 14 August, and the verdict was read on 12 December. Carmen is a seamstress by profession and has lived with Horst for 13 years. [108] The family built a house at 14 Garibaldi Street (now 6061 Garibaldi Street) and moved in during 1960. imgCredit = yq(value).children().find('.citv_credit').html() || yq(value).children().find('.ya_citv_credit').html(); Apart from Ricardo, all the brothers agreed that Grandpa Eichmann was innocent. Unser Team aus Experten hat Horst adolf eichmann jedes Preisbereichs verglichen.8. [29] He was assigned to study and prepare reports on the Zionist movement and various Jewish organisations. The couple had two children. "[152], Eichmann's trial before a special tribunal of the Jerusalem District Court began on 11 April 1961. His membership in the SS was confirmed seven months later (SS member number 45,326). The content of his letter and other trial documents were made public on 27 January 2016. (navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase()); yq('#'+value.id).mouseover(function(){ The Nazis began the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and their Jewish policy changed from emigration to extermination. According to media reports at the time, he organized a press conference in Buenos Aires hours after his father was sentenced to death, in protest of the "injustice" of the sentence. Klaus, Eichmann's firstborn son, was extremely radical and deeply committed to Nazi ideology. He was hoping to bring Mengele back to Israel on the same flight. [152] In addition, Servatius submitted a request for clemency to Ben-Zvi and petitioned for a stay of execution pending his planned appeals for extradition to the West German government. jQuery(".artImageLightbox").colorbox({rel:'group3', transition:"none", width:"980px", height:"551px"}); He worked as a travelling oil salesman beginning in 1927, and joined both the Nazi Party and the SS in 1932. The Nazi Party was banned in Austria around the same time. "After Grandpa Eichmann was kidnapped, the family was in crisis. By the time the transports were stopped in July 1944, 437,000 of Hungary's 725,000 Jews had been killed. if (res != null) Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann penned a plea for his life to Israel’s president two days before he was hanged in 1962 for masterminding the “Final Solution” plan to exterminate 6 million Jews. They all knew it would happen," she told the British newspaper. [62] On 15 August 1940, Eichmann released a memorandum titled Reichssicherheitshauptamt: Madagaskar Projekt (Reich Main Security Office: Madagascar Project), calling for the resettlement to Madagascar of a million Jews per year for four years. Eichmann produced tapes, transcripts, and handwritten notes. The Doctor Who Helped Israel's Mossad Catch Eichmann But Refused Recognition Yonah Elian played a key part in spiriting Nazi officer Adolf Eichmann out of … var isMobile = (/iphone|ipod|android|blackberry|fennec/).test var lengthTitle = 90; [204], Within hours Eichmann's body had been cremated, and his ashes scattered in the Mediterranean Sea, outside Israeli territorial waters, by an Israeli Navy patrol boat. [44] Funding came from money seized from other Jewish people and organisations, as well as donations from overseas, which were placed under SD control. [27][28][e] Eichmann's transfer was granted in November 1934. [118] In 1957, Bauer passed along the information in person to Mossad director Isser Harel, who assigned operatives to undertake surveillance, but no concrete evidence was initially found. TitleTrimmed = imgTitle.substring(0, 90); [13] He left without attaining a degree and joined his father's new enterprise, the Untersberg Mining Company, where he worked for several months. [59], Jews were concentrated into ghettos in major cities with the expectation that at some point they would be transported farther east or even overseas. After the war, uncertainty over his forenames became apparent. [80] Specific deportation orders came from his RSHA superior, Gestapo chief Heinrich Müller, acting on Himmler's behalf. [10], Eichmann attended the Kaiser Franz Joseph Staatsoberrealschule (state secondary school) in Linz, the same high school Adolf Hitler had attended some 17 years before. Eichmann, the mastermind of the so-called “Final Solution” to rid Europe of its Jews, sent 6 million to their deaths during World War II. [22] After he attended a training programme at the SS depot in Klosterlechfeld in August, Eichmann returned to the Passau border in September, where he was assigned to lead an eight-man SS liaison team to guide Austrian National Socialists into Germany and smuggle propaganda material from there into Austria.
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