Even when the use of a d-pronoun was highly favored, both the corpus study and the completion experiment showed a preference for the p-pronoun. The LehramtsNavi (teacher training navigation system) and Career Service’s programme of Interpreting Pronouns and Demonstratives in Finnish: Evidence for a Form-Specific Approach to Reference Resolution. And in fact, the accuracy was almost perfect for the p-pronoun er (mean: 99.7%; range: 98.1%-100%) but rather low for the d-pronoun der (mean: 8.3%; range: 0%-61.1%). Possible limitations resulting from this restriction are discussed below. When the subject is new and the object is given and participants have to refer to the object, d-pronouns should be avoided according to the generalization that d-pronouns refer to non-topical antecedents, at least when the given object arguably is the sentence topic. and the current study6. It is clear, however, that this factor cannot act in a categorical way. AccueilNuméros18Accessibility and Referential Cho... We present a corpus study and a production experiment that investigated the choice between two types of pronouns in written German – personal pronouns and so-called d-pronouns, which have properties of both personal and demonstrative pronouns. 97A final issue that we want to discuss concerns the finding that d-pronouns are used much less often than p-pronouns when establishing pronominal reference. Table 7. Ahrenholz, B. We were especially interested in the question whether the corpus finding that a d-pronoun is chosen to refer to a given NP in sentence final position also holds for completions written by participants. Muffins - les classiques populaires à déguster avec une boisson chaude, A base d’ingrédients de qualité supérieure, De nombreux produits et Zoomalia.com, l'animalerie en ligne au meilleur prix. 36A related case is illustrated in [9]. Since given NPs always occurred sentence-initially and new NPs sentence-finally in their experiment, it is not possible to decide whether the preference observed for the d-pronoun is an effect of givenness or an effect of position. 2008. Capturing emphasis in a corpus study is very difficult, if possible at all. What is varied is whether the given NP precedes the new NP or whether it is the other way round. Table 8. HAARE, WILLIAM HENRY-b. Percentages of human and non-human referents depending on pronoun type. In D. Bittner & N. Gargarina (eds. 59For each factor, Table 9 shows the mean estimate, the mean t-value and the percentage of significant t-values, obtained in 1,000 runs. The clearest deviation from the pattern typical of the antecedent of a p-pronoun concerns the antecedent’s syntactic function. 68The critical third context sentence differed depending on the experimental condition. Section 4 presents the production experiment. When the accessibility of the referent is above this threshold, the p-pronoun is used, when it is below this threshold, the d-pronoun is used. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 6 (2): 267-295. Les résultats de l’expérience renforcent la conclusion que plusieurs facteurs déterminent l’accessibilité, qui à son tour détermine le choix du pronom. They were students at the Goethe University Frankfurt and received course credit for participation in the experiment. Ein Besucher, der grüngefärbte Haare hatte, provozierte den Sicherheitsmann. 71The percentages of the two pronominal continuation types in the different conditions are shown in Table 11. 2016 - Quelle couleur de cheveux vous correspond le mieux, selon votre visage, teint, et selon vos yeux ? Since gender is a grammatical category in German, masculine NPs, including pronouns, can refer to male persons but also to things. An analysis that takes all properties into account simultaneously is presented in the next section. All corpus examples will be cited in the following way: we first give the number of the “DeWaC” file, then the number of the text within the “DeWaC” file, and finally the URL provided in the “DeWaC” file. As witnessed by the example, this did not prevent the writer from using a d-pronoun for referring to the former German chancellor. Zur Syntax der Pronomina im Deutschen. A major obstacle in this regard was the fact that the p-pronoun er occurred with a much higher rate than the d-pronoun der. Identifying “Aboutness Topics”: Two Annotation Experiments. In this example, the pronoun’s antecedent is highly accessible in the sense discussed above: it is already given in the discourse, it occurs in sentence-initial position, and it is a subject2. The issue is somewhat more complicated than in the case of reflexives because the antecedent of the possessive pronoun does not necessarily occur within the same sentence. 53Given the almost inviolable morpho-syntactic constraint that pronoun and antecedent must match with regard to gender and number, an ambiguity arises in our corpus sample when there is at least one additional NP specified for the features “masculine singular”. & Walker, S. 2015. She has gained recognition for her roles in both blockbusters and independent films, as well as her women's rights work. Sie wurde 1879 gegründet Entdecke (und sammle) deine eigenen Pins bei Pinterest. Victoria van Violence. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Zuckerstück Berlin. 83Every account of pronoun choice in German would have predicted a d-pronoun in this case, especially given the presence of competing antecedents within the final context sentence [C -1]. Since this decision has to be made even if there is no competitor to the actual antecedent, an absolute decision criterion is needed. Bittner and Dery (2015: 67) found that in situations encompassing pronoun use in anaphoric disambiguation, however, the choice between p- or d-pronouns may not be described in terms of information status of the referent in the ongoing discourse. 2A large body of cross-linguistic research (for an overview, see Arnold, 2010) has shown that the position of an expression on the referential form scale correlates with discourse properties of its antecedent. A simplified version of this referential scale is shown in [1] (see Ariel [2001] for the complete scale). A Medial Topic Position for German. [i] Maria hat einen wichtigen Preis gewonnen. Schönmich. For definite NP antecedents, both pronouns show a majority of new uses, which is much stronger for d- than for p-pronouns. I think the dress of the model perfectly fits ot the historic scene. For example, is the antecedent of the p-pronoun er in example [9] the possessive pronoun seine or the proper name Döring? Table 10 shows the distribution of the possessive pronoun and the antecedent of the possessive pronoun depending on the three major factors “givenness”, “syntactic function”, and “clausal position”. With about 45%, the largest class is formed by examples where the accessibility score is 0. 94A corpus example where a clause-final antecedent is given but arguably not a sentence topic is given in [21]. Mia Scarcello Photography. Choosing Anaphoric Expressions: Do People Take into Account Likelihood of Reference? Crystal Rose. 2015. For example, when the antecedent is itself a pronoun, it must be given, that is, it must be preceded by some non-pronominal NP in the prior discourse. This confirms the strong subject orientation of p-pronouns. Journal of Semantics 7 (4): 395-433. It comes from a furniture store in Belgium.’. Furthermore, the particular preferences found for interpretation can easily lead to a tie. KAISERBRAND. Works: Schütz: "Gloria patri" for the 111th psalm from Psalmen Davids, SWV 34, Es steh' Gott auf, SWV 356, from Symphoniae sacrae, part two (20), Der Engel sprach zu den Hirten, SWV 395, from Geistliche Chormusik (20), O Jesu süss, wer dein gedenkt, SWV 406, from Symphoniae sacrae, part three (20), Ach Herr, du Schöpfer aller Ding, SWV 450 (20), Güldne Haare, gleich Aurore, SWV 440 (20). 75An elaboration provides more information of the eventuality described in the preceding sentence. 96In sum, in cases where a given clause-final object is the antecedent of the d-pronoun, the antecedent can be a topic or not. September 57 Jahre alt wird, stammt gar nicht aus dem Saarland. Emphasis might also play a role in other examples with the d-pronoun, but we do not think that the use of the d-pronoun always involves emphasis. In the first one, a reflexive pronoun is the last co-referential element, as in [8]. I’m very pleased by that.’Since this case was excluded both in Bosch et al. The results show a preference for the subject referent when hearing the p-pronoun er. Most of these were false hits because a word that was not a verb had been tagged as verb in the “DeWaC” corpus. For the p-pronoun, the value that increases accessibility always occurs much more frequently than the value that decreases accessibility. The two reasons for the observed difference between p- and d-pronouns with regard to animacy do of course not exclude each other. Paper presented at the International Conference “Prominence in Language” (University of Cologne, 15-17 June 2015). Deutsche Sprache 24: 71-91. For the possessive pronoun, the two factors “syntactic function” and “clausal position” are defined with regard to the phrase containing the possessive pronoun. We hope you find what you are searching for! [C -2] Der einzige, der für dieses Gefühl Worte findet, ist, ‘[C -5] And when Jesus died, they hit their breast as a wordless sign of remorse and shame. If d-pronouns always referred to the less accessible of two potential antecedents, it should not have been used here. Of the 54 examples with a possessive pronoun as potential antecedent, 48 were followed by the p-pronoun er and 6 by the d-pronoun der. Percentages of number of sentences intervening between pronoun and antecedent, depending on pronoun type. M. has a important price won. Both are specified for the features “masculine” and “singular”3. 29For the corresponding accusative object pronouns, similar searches revealed 582 hits for Ihn (“him/p-pronoun”) followed by a finite verb and 943 hits for Den (“him/d-pronoun”) followed by a finite verb. Mel Riot. your own Pins on Pinterest KTvanStone. (2003). ‘The cook pushed a baker, who was standing at the end of the line. We coded narration for sentences that (temporally) continued the discourse by responding to the event of the preceding context sentence. Relationship between definiteness and givenness of the antecedent NP. / Schwerer als der Tisch ist der Schrank. In P. Grosz, P. Patel-Grosz & I. Yanovich (eds. This is the prototypical context for the use of a d-pronoun, and p-pronouns are therefore least expected. Figure 2. Wiemer, B. Examples of this kind are least expected in the case of the d-pronoun because the d-pronoun’s antecedent is a non-final subject that is already given in the discourse. This implies a focus on ambiguity, which is present when the preceding context contains at least one competitor to the actual antecedent. Based on their specific characteristics, they are divided into three categories - Premium, Comfort and Standard - in order to best meet the needs of the customers. We then describe how the corpus examples were extracted and prepared for later analysis. For both pronouns, definite NPs and proper names together account for the majority of all antecedents (58.5% for the p-pronoun and 66.4% for the d-pronoun). Language Resources and Evaluation 43 (3): 209-226. Alternatively, they have been claimed to be a variant of the personal pronoun (for further discussion, see Ahrenholz, 2007) or definite determiner phrases with an empty NP (Wiltschko, 1998). Information Structure Affects the Resolution of the Subject Pronouns “Er” and “Der” in Spoken German Discourse. Percentages (n) of given vs. new antecedent NPs depending on pronoun type, for proper name antecedents and definite antecedents. Perfekte Entscheidung , wenn Sie nicht für langes oder kurzes Haar entscheiden können,. Kaiser and Trueswell (2008) obtained the same pattern that was found for German – a subject preference for the Finnish p-pronoun and a preference for the final, new NP for the Finnish d-pronoun. 70:30. Vehicle classification . The remaining cases are about evenly distributed across the other three coherence relations. This is a paid newsletter for professional investors who want to know every startup which gets kicked-off in the DACH region. 2012. given, NP2/Obj. When only looking at examples with a local competitor, a difference between p-pronoun and d-pronoun emerges (χ2 = 10, p < 0.01). Language 69 (2): 274-307. This new sample was analyzed by means of logistic regression. 65We constructed 16 experimental items each consisting of three context sentences, as illustrated by the original experimental item in [12]9. This process was repeated 1,000 times. 9 avr. Our vehicles undergo a series of checks and inspections. On the Syntax and Semantics of (Relative) Pronouns and Determiners. Die Personalpronomina “er” vs. “der” und ihre textsemantischen Funktionen. First of all, a speaker has to make a choice concerning the linguistic form of a referential expression whether there is an ambiguity or not. Table 11. Vehicle classification . This does not exclude that the same factors are at work in spoken as in written language. Table 13. Thus, even when the object is given, as in [6], it is still less accessible than the subject, and thus the d-pronoun prefers a given antecedent in this case. s devant ou derrière la caméra, à l'échelle européenne, et présentent les films de tous types auxquels ils ou elles ont participé. 8A prototypical example for the use of personal pronouns is given in [2]. Berlin: Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS): 39-51. 73This difference could possibly be due to some form of priming caused by the determiner of the antecedent. Like for language interpretation, relative accessibility may be decisive when the context contains a competing referent, but relative accessibility will be of no help when there is no competing referent. 2016 - Quelle couleur de cheveux vous correspond le mieux, selon votre visage, teint, et selon vos yeux ? ), Byproducts and Side Effects / Nebenprodukte und Nebeneffekte. Given these default associations, the results can be rephrased as follows. The number of cases in which the referent of the d-pronoun was mentioned more than once declines rapidly. Lenerz, J. With 76.4% non-subject and 23.6% subject antecedents, the object bias for d-pronouns was somewhat weaker than the subject bias for p-pronouns. First, a subject is more prominent than an object. In these cases it is still the personal pronoun er that is chosen for the greater part. Our analysis was phrased in terms of accessibility theory (Ariel, 1990), which has been fruitfully applied before to the interpretation of p- and d-pronouns. When the antecedent was a p- or d-pronoun itself, it was almost always given. HAARE, MARY ALICE (Siders)-b. Mar 21, 1866 PA-d. Jan 15, 1959-d/o Cyrus & Mary Elizabeth (Shertzer) Siders-w/o B. M. Sec F. HAARE, RICHARD ELMER-b. Distribution of corpus examples with p- or d-pronoun depending on the accessibility value of the antecedent NP. 50For proper name antecedents, we see a distribution that is close to the distribution found in the whole corpus (see Table 2). [C -2] The only one finding words for this feeling is, (corpus = “DeWaC-7” text = “659508” id = “, (corpus = “DeWaC-9” text = “862984” id = “, [C -4] Der Zoll hat einen Briten mit 30 Kilo Marihuana im Gepäck festgenommen. London – New York: Routledge. Taken together, these three categories account for about 90% of all antecedents for the p-pronoun. A corpus example where this indeed seems to be the case is provided in [20]. Dudenredaktion 2011. All statistical analyses reported here and later were computed using the statistics software R, version 3.2.3 (R Development Core Team, 2015). 55The final property that we consider is the animacy of the referent that the pronoun refers to. Sprache und Pragmatik 29: 1-54. Linguistics 50 (5): 991-1013. La recherche déjà existante concernant ces pronoms s’est concentrée sur la compréhension du langage. Laura: Laura ist die beste Freundin von Miriam. It contains about 1,600,000,000 tokens of text in ca. Finally, in five examples the d-pronoun der was feminine, thus acting as a dative object. Cher client, Nous sommes navrés d'apprendre que vous rencontriez des difficultés avec vos nouvelles télécommande. This contrasts with findings that there is no connection between choice of referential form and coherence relations (e.g., Fukumura & Van Gompel, 2010). In addition, we found minor differences between the two pronoun types with regard to the definiteness and animacy of the antecedent and with regard to the presence of a local competitor. Figure 1. When only a single potential antecedent is available, reference is not ambiguous and therefore no choice must be made. Nasti van der Weyden. Vehicle classification . Table 3. We must leave this as a topic for future research. 5Another line of research has stressed the importance of world knowledge and coherence relations for the interpretation of pronouns (see Kehler & Rohde, 2013, for a review of this research tradition). [C -3] Sie können es nicht in Worte fassen, aber sie haben gemerkt, dass da mitten unter ihnen etwas Schlimmes geschehen ist, etwas, was nicht wiedergutzumachen ist. 82Starting with p-pronouns, consider first antecedents with an accessibility value of 0, that is, final objects that are new to the prior discourse. Our corpus sample nevertheless contains a small set of 13 examples where the p-pronoun’s antecedent has an accessibility value of 0. In this case, a relative decision rule can be used. MAKE UP FOR EVER . For the p-pronoun, the two most frequent definiteness categories are pronoun and definite NP, closely followed by proper name. An initial screening of about a sixth of the “DeWaC” corpus revealed about 149,183 hits for the query “Er + finite Verb” and 6,518 hits for the query “Der + finite Verb”. 11.05.2013 - This is my first major composite photo. The main corpus thus contains 417 instances of the p-pronoun and 430 instances of the d-pronoun. Alice Hoffmann ist gar keine Saarländerin Die Schauspielerin, die am 16. 67The second reason to concentrate on SO sentences concerns the condition where the subject referent is new and the object referent is given and the given referent thus occurs in sentence-final position. She is an actress, known for The Last Witch Hunter (2015), The Red Baron (2008) and Before the Fall (2004). First, when the subject is given and the object is new and participants are required to refer to the object, the use of a d-pronoun is strongly favored, as this is the prototypical situation for using a d-pronoun. & Weinstein, S. 1995. Duden, richtiges und gutes Deutsch: Wörterbuch der sprachlichen Zweifelsfälle. 1993. Cliquez pour vous inscrire, Art. 27The corpus analyzed in this paper is the “DeWaC” corpus made available by the University of Bologna (see Baroni et al., 2009; and http://wacky.sslmit.unibo.it). They found 1,436 p-pronouns and 180 d-pronouns. Meister des Alltags XXL - Das SWR Quiz-Duellmit Enie van de Meiklokjes, Bodo Bach, Alice Hoffmann, Antoine Monot Jr. und den Gästen Anna-Carina Woitschack und Stefan Mross sowie Aminata Belli und Bastian Bielendorfer!Die vier Teams quizzen und kämpfen um die Wette für Spendengelder, die wieder an Projekte der Kinderhilfsaktion Herzenssache gehen. [C -1] The head of the company Hartmut Mehdorn employed, (corpus = “DeWaC-8” text = “678968” id = “. Percentages of sentences with a competitor to the actual antecedent anywhere or locally in the prior context, depending on pronoun type. We first discuss the syntactic construction that we chose for analysis. Notre assortiment comprend des gâteaux savoureux, des viennoiseries sucrées et salées, une variété de petits pains et de pains, des produits faits à la main ainsi que des accessoires non alimentaires. For the p-pronoun, a local competitor is present in 35.7% of all cases. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here, dropthebrandco.shop has it all. 85A p-pronoun as antecedent of a d-pronoun is found in the example in [18]. The final sample contained 465 instances for the p-pronoun and 436 instances for the d-pronoun. As discussed above, p-pronouns prefer antecedents that have the syntactic function of subject whereas d-pronouns prefer the least accessible referent as antecedent. 22During language production, however, a choice between p- and d-pronoun is necessary whether a competing antecedent is available or not. 18To sum up so far, experimental investigations of the interpretation of p- and d-pronouns converge on two conclusions. 8 This point holds whether the possessive pronoun is analyzed as an NP located in a specifier position of its containing NP or as the head of this NP.
Mirror Iphone To Pc, Gebirge Afrika Lernen, Narziss Und Goldmund Stream, Chérie Fm Playlist En Direct, Criminal Minds Staffel 2, K11 Neue Folgen 2021,